Figure 2. Coastline categories.

(A) Natural (east Kunigami). Vegetation acts as buffer between shoreline and road. (B) Soft armoring (Odo). Beach and vegetation preserved but disconnected due to the presence of human-made structures above the intertidal zone. (C) Hard armoring (west Kunigami). Roads or buildings built next to the coastline. Presence of seawalls and/or breakwaters. (D) Land-filling (Agarihama/Agarizaki). Shallow waters turned into land to increase the space available for human activities. The yellow line indicates the original shoreline before reclamation. For each category, color choices are consistent with those used in Fig. 3. Map data ©2019 Google.