Table 3.
Birth and infant growth outcomes by trimester of PrEP initiation
| Unexposed | Trimester of PrEP initiationa | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference (n = 1324) | First (n = 12) | Second (n = 116) | Third (n = 77) | |||||||||||
| Mean N (%) | 95% CI | Mean N (%) | 95% CI | Coeff. or OR (95% CI) | Adjusted coeff. or OR ( 95% CI) | Mean N (%) | 95% CI | Coeff. or OR (95% CI) | Adjusted coeff. or OR (95% CI) | Mean N (%) | 95% CI | Coeff. or OR (95% CI) | Adjusted coeff. or OR (95% CI) | |
| Birth outcomes | ||||||||||||||
| Gestational age at birth (weeks)b | 38.6 | 38.3, 38.8 | 38.5 | 37.5, 39.5 | −0.04 (−0.72, 0.63) | −0.11 (−0.78, 0.56) | 38.4 | 37.9, 38.9 | −0.13 (−0.56, 0.31) | −0.20 (−0.60, 0.20) | 38.7 | 38.1, 39.4 | 0.17 (−0.42, 0.77) | 0.13 (−0.45, 0.70) |
| Preterm birthb | 88 (6.9) | 2.9, 15.6 | 1 (8.3) | 0.9, 48.9 | 1.22 (0.13, 11.75) | 1.52 (0.17, 13.4) | 5 (4.5) | 2.1, 9.3 | 0.62 (0.20, 1.94) | 0.71 (0.25, 1.96) | 0 (0.0) | – | – | – |
| Congenital malformationc | 5 (0.4) | 0.1, 1.5 | 0 (0.0) | – | – | – | 0 (0.0) | – | – | – | 0 (0.0) | – | – | – |
| Birthweight (kg)b | 3.3 | 3.3, 3.3 | 3.2 | 2.9, 3.4 | −0.15 (−0.35, 0.046) | −0.14 (−0.35, 0.061) | 3.3 | 3.2, 3.4 | 0.02 (−0.10, 0.14) | 0.017 (−0.10, 0.13) | 3.5 | 3.3, 3.7 | 0.17 (−0.03, 0.36) | 0.17 (−0.017, 0.35) |
| Low birthweight (<2.5 kg)c , d | 29 (2.5) | 1.6, 3.7 | 0 (0.0) | – | – | – | 1 (0.9) | 0.1, 8.3 | 0.37 (0.045, 3.03) | 0.38 (0.048, 3.06) | 0 (0.0) | – | – | – |
| Infant growth outcomes at six weeks postpartum | ||||||||||||||
| Weight (kg)b | 5.1 | 4.9, 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.2, 5.5 | −0.25 (−0.80, 0.30) | −0.22 (−0.76, 0.33) | 4.9 | 4.7, 5.1 | −0.14 (−0.31, 0.04) | −0.12 (−0.30, 0.058) | 5.2 | 4.9, 5.4 | 0.11 (−0.11, 0.33) | 0.13 (−0.099, 0.35) |
| Absolute WAZb | 0.4 | 0.2, 0.6 | −0.04 | −1.2, 1.2 | −0.45 (−1.37, 0.18) | −0.39 (−1.32, 0.54) | 0.3 | −0.1, 0.7 | −0.13 (−0.43, 0.18) | −0.096 (−0.41, 0.22) | 0.5 | 0.2, 0.9 | 0.13 (−0.18, 0.45) | 0.17 (−0.15, 0.48) |
| Moderate–to–severe underweightc | 27 (2.6) | 1.4, 4.9 | 0 (0.0) | – | – | – | 3 (3.7) | 1.4, 9.4 | 1.46 (0.61, 3.47) | 1.24 (0.62, 2.48) | 1 (1.7) | 0.3, 9.2 | 0.66 (0.11, 3.93) | 0.54 (0.089, 3.24) |
| Length (cm)b | 55.8 | 55.1, 56.5 | 58.2 | 54.9, 61.6 | 2.39 (−1.42, 6.20) | 2.51 (−1.54, 6.56) | 55.4 | 54.4, 56.4 | −0.42 (−1.17, 0.33) | −0.37 (−1.24, 0.51) | 56.1 | 54.7, 57.5 | 0.24 (−0.84, 1.33) | 0.31 (−0.91, 1.53) |
| Absolute LAZb | 0.1 | −0.3, 0.4 | 1.2 | −0.6, 2.9 | 1.11 (−0.91, 3.13) | 1.17 (−0.98, 3.32) | −0.02 | −0.5, 0.4 | −0.09 (−0.42, 0.24) | −0.062 (−0.44, 0.32) | 0.2 | −0.5, 0.9 | 0.13 (−0.41, 0.67) | 0.16 (−0.46, 0.77) |
| Moderate–to–severe stuntingc | 93 (8.9) | 6.3, 12.3 | 0 (0.0) | – | – | – | 8 (9.9) | 4.6, 19.9 | 1.11 (0.46, 2.67) | 1.07 (0.43, 2.67) | 3 (5.3) | 2.2, 12.2 | 0.57 (0.24, 1.34) | 0.54 (0.22, 1.30) |
| Weight–for–length (WHZ) z–scoreb | 0.6 | 0.2, 0.9 | 0.2 | −3.1, 3.4 | −0.43 (−2.68, 1.83) | −0.38 (−2.70, 1.93) | 0.6 | 0.04, 1.2 | 0.011 (−0.48, 0.51) | 0.037 (−0.54, 0.61) | 0.7 | 0.2, 1.3 | 0.12 (−0.29, 0.54) | 0.15 (−0.35, 0.65) |
| Moderate–to–severe wastingc | 79 (7.5) | 4.8, 11.6 | 1 (20.0) | 0.8, 88.9 | 3.03 (0.33, 27.7) | 3.37 (0.31, 36.25) | 5 (6.2) | 2.0, 17.6 | 0.79 (0.27, 2.33) | 0.85 (0.28, 2.60) | 3 (5.3) | 0.9, 24.5 | 0.67 (0.18, 2.53) | 0.73 (0.18, 3.00) |
Adjusted for partner HIV status.
aParticipant without trimester of PrEP initiation data excluded from analysis; bcoefficient; codds ratio; dinfants born before 37 weeks gestational age were excluded from this analysis.
*p < 0.05.