Table 4.

Results of Mixed-Effects Model Analysis

	Lean				Obese				Lean Vs Obese
	β ± SE	$R_M^2$	R2	P	β ± SE	$R_M^2$	R2	P	P
Room calorimeter
Resting EE vs Ta	−1.51 ± 0.15	0.24	0.69	<0.001	−0.72 ± 0.12	0.09	0.75	<0.001	<0.001
Resting EE vs average EMG	3.31 ± 0.34	0.32	0.68	<0.001	8.04 ± 0.97	0.19	0.81	<0.001	<0.001
Total EEa vs Ta	−1.87 ± 0.13	0.27	0.84	<0.001	−1.44 ± 0.15	0.16	0.82	<0.001	<0.001
Total EEa vs micro acta	1.73 ± 0.29	0.31	0.58	<0.001	1.09 ± 0.19	0.29	0.80	<0.001	<0.001
Total EEa vs hip acta	0.11 ± 0.03	0.14	0.54	<0.001	0.13 ± 0.02	0.20	0.80	<0.001	<0.001
Total EEa vs wrist acta	0.005 ± 0.004	0.01	0.56	0.21	0.016 ± 0.003	0.14	0.73	<0.001	<0.001
Resting RQ vs Ta	0.003 ± 0.001	0.07	0.58	<0.001	0.001 ± 0.001	0.01	0.77	0.07	<0.001
Total RQa vs Ta	0.003 ± 0.001	0.09	0.73	<0.001	0.001 ± 0.001	0.01	0.92	0.007	<0.001
Physical activity
Micro acta vs Ta	−0.07 ± 0.05	0.004	0.73	0.16	−0.20 ± 0.09	0.01	0.82	0.03	0.02
Hip acta vs Ta	−0.56 ± 0.60	0.002	0.63	0.35	−3.58 ± 0.91	0.07	0.55	<0.001	0.48
Wrist acta vs Ta	−1.24 ± 4.86	0.000	0.65	0.80	−22.13 ± 6.65	0.07	0.35	0.001	0.04
Stepsa vs Ta	−0.003 ± 0.003	0.003	0.59	0.34	−0.019 ± 0.005	0.07	0.51	<0.001	0.01
Hunger
Hungerb vs Ta	0.38 ± 0.32	0.16	0.58	0.23	0.64 ± 0.43	0.17	0.70	0.15	0.003
Muscle activity and shivering
Pectoralis EMG vs Ta	−0.40 ± 0.08	0.10	0.20	<0.001	−0.10 ± 0.02	0.01	0.24	<0.001	0.09
Trapezius EMG vs Ta	−0.38 ± 0.06	0.10	0.48	<0.001	−0.07 ± 0.02	0.15	0.25	<0.001	0.07
Biceps EMG vs Ta	−0.09 ± 0.02	0.08	0.33	<0.001	−0.02 ± 0.01	0.03	0.27	0.21	0.03
Femoris EMG vs Ta	−0.09 ± 0.02	0.20	0.27	<0.001	−0.03 ± 0.02	0.09	0.34	0.04	<0.001
Average EMG vs Ta	−0.24 ± 0.03	0.21	0.45	<0.001	−0.06 ± 0.01	0.18	0.37	<0.001	0.003
Average EMG vs shiver	0.03 ± 0.00	0.21	0.52	<0.001	0.01 ± 0.00	0.21	0.35	<0.001	0.01
Shiver vs Ta	−5.41 ± 0.53	0.38	0.55	<0.001	−4.80 ± 0.51	0.44	0.48	<0.001	0.77
Skin and core temperatures
T core vs Ta	0.07 ± 0.01	0.37	0.73	<0.001	0.03 ± 0.01	0.11	0.59	<0.001	0.42
Chest Tsk vs Ta	0.26 ± 0.01	0.77	0.92	<0.001	0.38 ± 0.01	0.83	0.90	<0.001	<0.001
Upper arm Tsk vs Ta	0.59 ± 0.01	0.93	0.95	<0.001	0.55 ± 0.01	0.90	0.94	<0.001	0.02
Upper leg Tsk vs Ta	0.49 ± 0.01	0.83	0.95	<0.001	0.55 ± 0.02	0.83	0.92	<0.001	0.14
Hand Tsk vs Ta	1.01 ± 0.03	0.86	0.92	<0.001	0.90 ± 0.02	0.90	0.93	<0.001	<0.001
Lower leg Tsk vs Ta	0.61 ± 0.01	0.92	0.95	<0.001	0.49 ± 0.02	0.76	0.88	<0.001	<0.001
Supraclavicular Tsk vs Ta	0.13 ± 0.01	0.56	0.86	<0.001	0.19 ± 0.01	0.57	0.87	<0.001	<0.001
Underarm Tsk vs Ta	0.31 ± 0.02	0.50	0.80	<0.001	0.18 ± 0.02	0.36	0.58	<0.001	<0.001
Mean Tsk vs Ta	0.48 ± 0.01	0.96	0.98	<0.001	0.49 ± 0.01	0.93	0.97	<0.001	0.67
T core − mean Tsk vs Ta	−0.40 ± 0.01	0.91	0.95	<0.001	−0.46 ± 0.01	0.89	0.95	<0.001	0.39
Upper arm − hand Tsk vs Ta	−0.43 ± 0.03	0.57	0.73	<0.001	−0.35 ± 0.02	0.60	0.70	<0.001	<0.001
Cardiovascular measures
Heart rate vs Ta	1.19 ± 0.09	0.28	0.79	<0.001	0.67 ± 0.11	0.05	0.88	<0.001	0.06
VLF power vs Ta	−457 ± 64.17	0.07	0.81	<0.001	−335 ± 63.76	0.08	0.73	<0.001	0.53
LF power vs Ta	−123 ± 20.14	0.09	0.68	<0.001	−124 ± 19.86	0.09	0.78	<0.001	0.96
HF power vs Ta	−71 ± 8.55	0.17	0.68	<0.001	−98 ± 19.99	0.04	0.86	<0.001	0.42
LF/HF vs Ta	0.15 ± 0.02	0.14	0.76	<0.001	0.08 ± 0.02	0.02	0.84	0.001	0.68
Total power vs Ta	−652 ± 85.72	0.10	0.79	<0.001	−557 ± 90.66	0.09	0.79	<0.001	0.75
Diastolic BPb vs Ta	−0.32 ± 0.14	0.01	0.69	0.02	−0.12 ± 0.17	0.10	0.31	0.47	0.30
Systolic BPb vs Ta	−0.47 ± 0.16	0.03	0.64	0.004	−0.01 ± 0.18	0.03	0.39	0.94	0.69

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; HF, high frequency; hip act, hip accelerometer activity; LF, low frequency; LF:HF, LF to HF ratio; micro act, microwave activity; RQ, respiratory quotient; T_sk, T_skin; VLF, very low frequency; wrist act, wrist accelerometer activity.

^aAverage from 0830 to 1230 hours; all other values are averaged from motionless periods (1030 to 1100 hours and 1130 to 1200 hours). Boldface indicates significant P values.

^bControlling for pretest values.