Main effects of age and emotion on regional activity. ai, Brain regions showing age-related changes. Activity in cognitive control regions, including bilateral pre-SMA, dACC, dlPFC, left SPM, right IPL, and right lOFC, decreased with age. Node size was scaled to present effect size of age-related decrease. aii, Reliability of age-related changes across all brain regions. A minimum sample size of 50–100 was needed for reliability to surpass the 95th percentile of its corresponding empirical null distribution (dashed line), and a minimum sample size of 50–100 was needed to identify reliable (correlation > 0.7) age-related changes. bi, Brain regions showing emotion effects. Node size was scaled to present F value of emotion effect. bii, Activity in all brain regions, except bilateral BNST, varied across emotion category.