Table 2.
Clinical, echocardiographic, laboratory, and senescent T-cell characteristics in patients with acute HF that experienced or did not experience a CV event.
| CV event (N = 16, 42.1%) |
No CV event (N = 22, 57.9%) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 67 ± 16 | 65 ± 16 | 0.658 |
| Male: Female (N, %) | 10:6 (62.5%:37.5%) | 12:10 (54.5%:45.5%) | 0.439 |
| Ischaemic aetiology (N, %) | 6 (37.5%) | 6 (27.3%) | 0.374 |
| Hypertension (N, %) | 10 (62.5%) | 15 (68.2%) | 0.490 |
| Diabetes (N, %) | 9 (56.3%) | 5 (22.7%) | 0.047* |
| Weight (kg) | 64.6 ± 10.2 | 61.5 ± 15.0 | 0.476 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 2.9 | 24.7 ± 3.8 | 0.452 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| LVEF (%) | 26.9 ± 13.3 | 28.1 ± 10.2 | 0.742 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 65.0 ± 9.4 | 61.4 ± 10.7 | 0.310 |
| LVESD (mm) | 56.6 ± 11.5 | 52.8 ± 11.1 | 0.334 |
| LAVI (ml/m2) | 63.1 ± 27.2 | 57.6 ± 19.7 | 0.490 |
| E/E’ | 27.8 ± 14.2 | 19.8 ± 10.0 | 0.076 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| WBC (×103/μl) | 8.98 ± 2.55 | 8.52 ± 4.64 | 0.599 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.8 ± 2.5 | 14.3 ± 1.9 | 0.060 |
| Sodium (mmol/l) | 137.2 ± 3.9 | 140.5 ± 8.2 | 0.143 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 164.5 ± 83.2 | 147.9 ± 32.9 | 0.399 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.7 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 0.756 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 58.7 ± 24.4 | 73.4 ± 16.4 | 0.046* |
| NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | 8044 ± 10256 | 8595 ± 10036 | 0.869 |
| Pro-inflammatory mediators | |||
| CRP (mg/l) | 8.27 ± 7.30 | 4.54 ± 6.11 | 0.096 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 8.63 ± 8.57 | 6.33 ± 11.29 | 0.499 |
| TNF-α (pg/ml) | 4.98 ± 12.3 | 9.14 ± 25.4 | 0.549 |
| MIG (pg/ml) | 564.5 ± 1108.7 | 216.1 ± 352.9 | 0.241 |
| IP-10 (pg/ml) | 228.3 ± 142.0 | 262.4 ± 188.4 | 0.547 |
| MIP-1α (pg/ml) | 27.8 ± 41.6 | 29.7 ± 69.5 | 0.923 |
| Medications at discharge | |||
| RAS blockers (N, %) | 12 (75.0%) | 17 (77.3%) | 0.584 |
| Beta-blockers (N, %) | 6 (37.5%) | 15 (68.2%) | 0.099 |
| Aldosterone antagonist (N, %) | 11 (68.8%) | 17 (77.3%) | 0.713 |
| Digoxin (N, %) | 3 (18.8%) | 10 (45.5%) | 0.165 |
| Senescent T cell subsets | |||
| CD4+CD28null T cell fraction in CD4+ T cell population (%) | 4.5 ± 4.6 | 1.5 ± 1.7 | 0.027* |
| CD4+CD57+ T cell fraction in CD4+ T cell population (%) | 6.9 ± 4.9 | 3.5 ± 1.9 | 0.019* |
| CD8+CD28null T cell fraction in CD8+ T cell population (%) | 43.2 ± 18.8 | 34.5 ± 15.9 | 0.134 |
| CD8+CD57+ T cell fraction in CD8+ T cell population (%) | 38.7 ± 16.1 | 31.9 ± 13.1 | 0.165 |
Values represent the number (%) or the mean ± standard deviation, as indicated. *p-values < 0.05 are considered significant. CV, cardiovascular; BMI, body mass index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LAVI, left atrial LAVI, left atrial volume index volume index; WBC, white blood cell; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP, N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α; MIG, monokine-induced by gamma interferon; IP-10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10; MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α; RAS, renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Discrete variables were compared with the chi-squared method; continuous variables were compared with independent Student’s t-tests.