TABLE 1.
The host proteins associated with apoptosis are cleaved by picornaviral proteases.
| Host protein | Function in apoptosis | Virus | Viral proteases | References |
| RIG-I | A membrane-bound Toll-like receptor, dsRNA and ssRNA sensor. | PV HRV (1A,16) EMCV EV1 EV71 CVB3 |
3C 3C 3C 3C 3C 3C |
Barral et al., 2009; Feng Q. et al., 2014 Barral et al., 2009 Barral et al., 2009; Papon et al., 2009 Barral et al., 2009 Lei et al., 2010; Feng Q. et al., 2014 Feng Q. et al., 2014 |
| MDA5 | A cytosolic innate immune receptor, dsRNA sensor. | PV EV71 CVB3 |
2A 2A 2A |
Feng Q. et al., 2014 Feng Q. et al., 2014 Feng Q. et al., 2014 |
| MAVS (also known as IPS-1, VISA and Cardiff) | A central adaptor protein in the innate immune response to RNA viruses. | PV HRV CVB3 |
3C, 2A 2A, 3ABC 2A, 3C |
Drahos and Racaniello, 2009; Feng Q. et al., 2014 Drahos and Racaniello, 2009 Drahos and Racaniello, 2009; Mukherjee et al., 2011; Feng Q. et al., 2014 |
| HAV EV71 |
3ABC 2A |
Yang et al., 2007; Drahos and Racaniello, 2009 Wang et al., 2013 |
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| TRIF | Toll/IL-1R (TIR)-domain-containing adaptor protein inducing IFN-β, which is essential for induction of TLR3. The RHIM domain mediates cellular apoptosis. | EV68 EV71 CVB3 HAV |
3C 3C 3C 3CD |
Xiang et al., 2014 Lei et al., 2011 Mukherjee et al., 2011 Qu et al., 2011 |
| RIPK1 | RIPK1 binds to adaptor proteins including TRIF, FADD, RIPK3, NEMO, and SQSTM1, which are involved in sensing RNA, NF-κB signaling, autophagosome formation, and apoptosis. | HRV CVB3 | 3C, 3ABC 3C 3C |
Lötzerich et al., 2018 Croft et al., 2018 Wang et al., 2019 |
| NEMO | A scaffolding component of the IκB kinase complex required for NF-κB activation | FMDV HAV | 3C 3C |
Wang et al., 2012 Wang et al., 2014 |
| Sam68 | A nuclear RNA-binding protein, involved in RNA metabolism, apoptosis, and signal transduction. | FMDV | 3C | Lawrence et al., 2012 |
| DAxx | A FAS ligand, involved in apoptosis, transcriptional control, innate immune antiviral response. | FMDV | L | Pineiro et al., 2012 |
| PinX1 | A telomere-binding protein, involved in cellular apoptosis. | EV71 | 3C | Li et al., 2017 |
| SFPQ | A nuclear protein, involved in DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, splicing, RNA transport and apoptosis. | HRV | 3C, 3CD | Flather et al., 2018 |