Table 1.
Characteristics of head-of-household respondents, stratified by household poverty status: 2015 Panel Study of Income Dynamics.
| Characteristics | Total, N = 9048 |
At/below poverty (≤100% FPL), n = 1485 |
Above poverty (>100% FPL), n = 7563 |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | ||
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 30.4 (28.6, 32.2) | 50.6 (46.3, 55.0) | 27.8 (26.0, 29.5) | |
| Male | 69.6 (67.8, 71.4) | 49.4 (45.0, 53.7) | 72.2 (70.5, 74.0) | |
| Age | <0.001 | |||
| 18–39 years | 30.1 (28.5, 31.6) | 41.0 (36.0, 46.0) | 28.6 (27.2, 30.0) | |
| 40–54 years | 27.3 (26.2, 28.3) | 24.7 (20.4, 28.9) | 27.6 (26.6, 28.6) | |
| 55 and older | 42.7 (41.1, 44.2) | 34.4 (29.4, 39.3) | 43.8 (42.2, 45.3) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | |||
| Black/African American | 13.9 (10.9, 16.9) | 30.2 (23.9, 36.5) | 11.8 (9.1, 14.4) | |
| White, non-Hispanic | 79.3 (76.1, 82.6) | 61.1 (54.8, 67.4) | 81.7 (78.7, 84.7) | |
| Another race/ethnicity | 6.7 (5.5, 8.0) | 8.7 (6.0, 11.4) | 6.5 (5.3, 7.7) | |
| Education levela | <0.001 | |||
| <12 years | 13.4 (11.8, 15.0) | 31.1 (26.8, 35.4) | 11.1 (9.7, 12.4) | |
| 12 years | 26.9 (24.8, 29.0) | 33.5 (29.8, 37.2) | 26.1 (23.8, 28.3) | |
| 13 or more years | 59.7 (57.0, 62.3) | 35.3 (30.7, 40.0) | 62.9 (60.3, 65.4) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 45.5 (43.6, 47.4) | 16.1 (12.4, 19.8) | 49.4 (47.6, 51.2) | |
| Not married | 55.5 (52.6, 56.4) | 83.9 (80.2, 87.6) | 50.6 (48.8, 52.4) | |
| Employment status | <0.001 | |||
| Working now | 64.5 (62.7, 66.3) | 35.4 (31.7, 39.2) | 68.3 (66.4, 70.2) | |
| Unemployed, looking for work | 4.5 (3.8, 5.2) | 17.3 (14.2, 20.5) | 2.8 (2.3, 3.3) | |
| Retired | 22.1 (20.6, 23.5) | 16.2 (12.9, 19.6) | 22.9 (21.4, 24.4) | |
| Other | 9.0 (7.9, 10.0) | 31.0 (26.5, 35.5) | 6.0 (5.1, 7.0) | |
| Alcohol use, past year | <0.001 | |||
| No | 33.0 (31.2, 34.8) | 52.7 (48.5, 56.9) | 30.4 (28.5, 32.3) | |
| Yes | 67.0 (65.2, 68.8) | 47.3 (43.1, 51.5) | 69.6 (67.7, 71.5) | |
| Psychological distressb | <0.001 | |||
| None or mild | 75.1 (73.5, 76.6) | 55.4 (51.3, 59.6) | 77.6 (76.0, 79.1) | |
| Moderate or severe | 24.9 (23.4, 26.5) | 44.6 (40.4, 48.7) | 22.4 (20.8, 24.0) | |
| Food insecurity | <0.001 | |||
| Food secure (high or marginal food security) | 84.0 (82.4, 85.7) | 57.1 (52.9, 61.2) | 87.6 (86.2, 89.0) | |
| Food insecure (low or very low food security) | 16.0 (14.3, 17.6) | 42.9 (38.8, 47.1) | 12.4 (11.0, 13.8) | |
| Psychological distressb and food insecurity categories | <0.001 | |||
| No psychological distress and no food insecurity | 68.1 (66.1, 70.1) | 40.1 (35.9, 44.2) | 71.7 (69.8, 73.6) | |
| Food insecurity without psychological distress | 7.0 (6.0, 7.9) | 15.4 (12.2, 18.6) | 5.8 (5.1, 6.6) | |
| Psychological distress without food insecurity | 15.9 (14.8, 16.9) | 16.1 (12.9, 19.4) | 15.8 (14.7, 16.9) | |
| Psychological distress with food insecurity | 9.1 (8.0, 10.2) | 28.4 (25.3, 31.6) | 6.6 (5.6, 7.6) |
Note. P values were derived from chi-square tests. FPL = federal poverty level; CI = confidence interval.
a
Education level is based on n of 8923 due to missing or non-responses.
b
Psychological distress is based on n of 8876 due to missing or non-responses.