Gouna 2013.

Methods	DESIGN: randomised cross‐over study Method of randomisation: not stated Infant’s position: random assignment to the order of positions: supine, prone and lateral left. Body positions were stabilised in a semiflexed posture for infants placed on the left side (tucked position). Blinding to intervention: no Complete follow‐up: yes Blinding to outcome measurement: no
Participants	SETTING: neonatal intensive care unit, Lille, France DATE OF SAMPLE COLLECTION: over a 6‐month period, year not stated PARTICIPANTS Sample size analysed: 19 preterm infants on NCPAP Gestational age at birth (weeks) (mean ± SD): 27 ± 2 Postnatal age (days) (mean ± SD): 17 ± 5 Birth weight (grams) (mean ± SD): 950 ± 150 Study weight (grams) (mean ± SD): 1300 ± 275 Associated conditions: All infants were treated for mild respiratory failure. Exclusions: circulatory failure, receipt of vasoactive drugs, periventricular leukomalacia or intraventricular haemorrhage
Interventions	INTERVENTIONS: left lateral vs supine, prone vs supine, prone vs left lateral position CO‐INTERVENTIONS: All infants received caffeine treatment.
Outcomes	Outcomes of interest in this review: SpO2, FiO2, transcutaneous PCO2, TV in mL/kg (spontaneous breath), apneic episodes; variables recorded 60 to 180 minutes after positioning and during quiet sleep periods only Outcomes not assessed in this review: phase angle between abdominal and thoracic movements, rib cage contribution to TV and dynamic elevation of end‐expiratory lung volume, heart and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressure
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Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method of randomisation not stated
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method of allocation not stated
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Complete follow‐up
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No prespecified primary outcomes, so unclear
Other bias	Low risk