Table 1.
Comparison of antimicrobial activity* of the methanolic extract of leaves of E. serrata with standard antibiotics against different bacterial pathogens in terms of ZOI (mm).
| Sr. No. | Bacterial strains | Gram +/− | Standard antibiotics (40 mg/mL) |
Methanolic extract (mg/mL) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aa | Cb | Lc | 40 | 20 | 10 | 5 | 2.5 | |||
| 1 | Staphylococcus epidermidis | + | 48.5 ± 2.12 | 41.5 ± 0.70 | 48.0 ± 2.82 | 15.5 ± 0.70 | 13.5 ± 0.70 | 12.5 ± 0.70 | 11.0 ± 0.00 | 10.5 ± 0.00 |
| 2 | Staphylococcus aureus KSR1 | + | 17.5 ± 2.12 | 24.5 ± 0.50 | 32.0 ± 1.00 | 20.3 ± 0.57 | 19.5 ± 2.12 | 17.5 ± 0.70 | 15.5 ± 0.70 | 14.5 ± 0.70 |
| 3 | Staphylococcus aureus KSR2 | + | 24.0 ± 1.41 | 32.0 ± 1.41 | 32.0 ± 1.41 | 11.5 ± 0.70 | 32 ± 0.000 | 31 ± 1.212 | 29.0 ± 1.41 | 27.0 ± 1.41 |
| 4 | Staphylococcus aureus KSR3 | + | 46.0 ± 0.00 | 53.0 ± 2.82 | 54.5 ± 0.70 | 17.0 ± 0.00 | 12.0 ± 0.00 | 00.0 ± 0.00 | 00.0 ± 0.00 | 00.0 ± 0.00 |
| 5 | Bacillus subtilis | + | 15.0 ± 1.41 | 24.5 ± 2.12 | 26.0 ± 0.00 | 20.3 ± 0.50 | 32.5 ± 2.12 | 29.0 ± 5.65 | 28.5 ± 0.70 | 26.0 ± 0.00 |
| 6 | Bacillus megatherium | + | 12.0 ± 0.00 | 23.5 ± 0.50 | 31.0 ± 1.00 | 19.6 ± 2.08 | 20.5 ± 7.77 | 19.0 ± 5.65 | 18.5 ± 6.63 | 17.5 ± 6.36 |
| 7 | Bacillus sp. KSR325 | + | 19.0 ± 0.00 | 25.5 ± 1.50 | 30.0 ± 2.50 | 19.5 ± 0.50 | 26.0 ± 1.41 | 24.0 ± 1.41 | 22.0 ± 0.00 | 19.5 ± 3.53 |
| 8 | Bacillus sp. KSR356 | + | 15.5 ± 1.50 | 24.5 ± 1.00 | 27.5 ± 0.50 | 15.5 ± 0.58 | 22.5 ± 2.12 | 18.0 ± 1.41 | 17.0 ± 0.00 | 15.5 ± 1.12 |
| 9 | Bacillus sp. KSR357 | + | 23.0 ± 3.00 | 27.0 ± 1.50 | 43.0 ± 0.70 | 13.6 ± 0.57 | 20.0 ± 1.41 | 18.0 ± 0.00 | 15.0 ± 4.24 | 14.5 ± 2.12 |
| 10 | Enterococcus sp. | + | 16.0 ± 1.00 | 24.5 ± 2.12 | 30.0 ± 0.00 | 23.00 ± 1.0 | 21.0 ± 8.34 | 17.5 ± 3.53 | 11.0 ± 1.41 | 10.5 ± 0.70 |
| 11 | Achromobacter xylosoxidans | − | 40.0 ± 1.41 | 46.5 ± 0.70 | 51.0 ± 1.41 | 17.5 ± 0.70 | 17.0 ± 0.00 | 16.5 ± 0.70 | 15.5 ± 0.70 | 15.0 ± 0.00 |
| 12 | Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | − | 26.5 ± 1.41 | 32.5 ± 0.70 | 47.0 ± 1.41 | 21.5 ± 0.70 | 18.0 ± 0.00 | 15.0 ± 0.00 | 13.0 ± 0.00 | 12.5 ± 0.70 |
| 13 | Klebsiella pneumonia | − | 13.5 ± 2.12 | 21.0 ± 0.00 | 38.5 ± 0.70 | 12.0 ± 0.00 | 11.5 ± 0.00 | 11.0 ± 0.00 | 10.5 ± 0.70 | 00.0 ± 0.00 |
| 14 | Enterobacter cloacae | − | 19.0 ± 1.41 | 39.0 ± 2.82 | 41.0 ± 2.82 | 12.0 ± 1.41 | 12.0 ± 0.00 | 11.0 ± 1.41 | 10.5 ± 0.70 | 00.0 ± 0.00 |
| 15 | Enterobacter aerogenes | − | 11.5 ± 0.70 | 23.0 ± 0.00 | 38.0 ± 0.00 | 14.5 ± 0.70 | 13.5 ± 0.00 | 13.0 ± 0.00 | 12.0 ± 1.41 | 11.0 ± 0.00 |
| 16 | Pseudomonas aurantiaca | − | 17.5 ± 2.12 | 25.0 ± 1.00 | 30.5 ± 2.50 | 16.1 ± 0.76 | 19.5 ± 0.70 | 21.5 ± 0.70 | 19.5 ± 2.12 | 17.5 ± 0.70 |
| 17 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | − | 16.5 ± 0.70 | 24.5 ± 0.50 | 29.0 ± 0.50 | 25.7 ± 0.57 | 28 ± 0.000 | 30 ± 0.000 | 24.5 ± 0.70 | 23.5 ± 0.70 |
| 18 | Pseudomonas aeruginosaKSR125 | − | 16.5 ± 0.50 | 24.0 ± 0.00 | 35.0 ± 2.00 | 19.6 ± 0.57 | 22 ± 0.000 | 20.0 ± 1.41 | 19 ± 2.828 | 17 ± 0.000 |
| 19 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa KSR360 | − | 38.0 ± 0.00 | 44.0 ± 1.41 | 43.5 ± 0.70 | 22.0 ± 1.41 | 20.0 ± 0.00 | 18.5 ± 0.70 | 18.00 ± 0.0 | 16.0 ± 0.00 |
| 21 | Pseudomonas sp. | − | 27.0 ± 0.00 | 39.5 ± 0.70 | 33.0 ± 1.41 | 21.0 ± 1.41 | 19.5 ± 0.70 | 18.0 ± 0.00 | 17.5 ± 0.70 | 16.0 ± 0.00 |
| 22 | Escherichia coli | − | 17.0 ± 1.41 | 27.0 ± 3.00 | 35.0 ± 2.00 | 15.3 ± 0.57 | 28 ± 0.000 | 26.0 ± 0.00 | 23.5 ± 3.53 | 22.5 ± 0.70 |
| 23 | Escherichia coli KSR2345 | − | 16.0 ± 1.41 | 26.0 ± 0.00 | 30.0 ± 1.00 | 23.00 ± 1.0 | 21 ± 1.414 | 20.0 ± 0.00 | 18.5 ± 0.70 | 17.5 ± 0.70 |
| 24 | Escherichia coli KSR3245 | − | 38.0 ± 0.00 | 43.5 ± 2.12 | 47.0 ± 0.00 | 27.0 ± 1.41 | 23.5 ± 2.12 | 20.5 ± 0.00 | 19.0 ± 0.00 | 18.0 ± 0.00 |
| 25 | Escherichia coli KSR2346 | − | 24.0 ± 1.41 | 30.0 ± 1.41 | 30.0 ± 1.41 | 18.5 ± 0.70 | 22.0 ± 0.00 | 19.0 ± 0.00 | 17.0 ± 0.00 | 16.5 ± 0.70 |
| 26 | Salmonella typhi | − | 18.5 ± 0.70 | 26.5 ± 0.50 | 43.0 ± 3.00 | 15.3 ± 0.57 | 20 ± 1.414 | 19.5 ± 0.70 | 18.5 ± 0.70 | 18.0 ± 4.21 |
| 27 | Salmonella typhi KSR2347 | − | 15.0 ± 1.41 | 24.0 ± 0.00 | 38.5 ± 1.41 | 18.5 ± 0.50 | 20 ± 0.000 | 19.5 ± 0.70 | 18.0 ± 0.00 | 16.0 ± 4.24 |
| 28 | Salmonella typhi 3 KSR2349 | − | 26.5 ± 0.70 | 36.5 ± 2.12 | 36.5 ± 2.12 | 18.5 ± 0.70 | 23.5 ± 2.21 | 21.0 ± 1.41 | 18.0 ± 1.41 | 16.0 ± 2.82 |
| 29 | Azospirillum lipoferum | − | 19.0 ± 1.41 | 25.5 ± 0.70 | 34.5 ± 1.50 | 29.0 ± 2.64 | 21.5 ± 1.41 | 19.0 ± 2.82 | 18.5 ± 2.12 | 17.0 ± 1.41 |
| 30 | Rhizobium sp. | − | 19.5 ± 1.50 | 27.0 ± 0.00 | 35.5 ± 0.50 | 10.33 ± 0.5 | 27.0 ± 0.00 | 24.5 ± 4.94 | 23.5 ± 3.53 | 22.0 ± 0.00 |
| 31 | Citrobactor freundii | − | 16.0 ± 0.00 | 25.0 ± 1.00 | 35.5 ± 1.50 | 11.68 ± 0.5 | 24.0 ± 4.94 | 23.0 ± 0.00 | 13.5 ± 0.70 | 15.0 ± 0.00 |
*
Negative control = DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), showed no activity.
a
A = Amoxylin.
b
C = Cefixime.
c
L = Levofloxacin.