Table 1.
Socio-demographic, clinical and biological characteristics of the subjects
| Overall (N = 606) | CB (N = 351) | EM (N = 215) | MCA (N = 32) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) (mean ± SD) | 71.4 ± 8.2 | 71.6 ± 8.3 | 71.5 ± 7.9 | 70.1 ± 8.2 |
| Males (N, %) | 455 (75.1) | 256 (72.9) | 174 (80.9) | 20 (62.5) |
| Education (N, %) | ||||
| None | 4 (0.7) | 3 (0.9) | 0 | 0 |
| Primary school | 173 (29.6) | 111 (32.8) | 54 (25.7) | 7 (22.6) |
| Middle school | 241 (41.2) | 127 (37.6) | 93 (44.3) | 19 (61.3) |
| High school | 133 (22.7) | 76 (22.5) | 51 (24.3) | 4 (12.9) |
| University | 34 (5.8) | 21 (6.2) | 12 (5.7) | 1 (3.2) |
| NK | 21 | 13 | 5 | 1 |
| Occupational status (N, %) | ||||
| Unemployed | 23 (3.8) | 16 (4.6) | 5 (2.4) | 2 (6.5) |
| Employed | 77 (12.8) | 44 (12.6) | 25 (11.7) | 5 (16.1) |
| Retired | 468 (77.9) | 265 (75.9) | 176 (82.6) | 22 (71.0) |
| Housewife/househusband | 33 (5.5) | 24 (6.9) | 7 (3.3) | 2 (6.5) |
| NK | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Smoking status (N, %) | ||||
| Former smoker | 445 (73.4) | 250 (71.2) | 166 (77.2) | 25 (78.1) |
| Current smoker | 161 (26.6) | 101 (28.8) | 49 (22.8) | 7 (21.9) |
| Estimated amount of tobacco consumed (pack/year) (median IQR) | 39.0 (20.0–50.0) | 35.0 (20.0–52.0) | 40.0 (23.0–50.0) | 30.0 (20.0–45.0) |
| Smoking duration (yrs) (median IQR) | 40.0 (30.0–49.5) | 40.0 (30.0–50.0) | 40.0 (32.0–50.0) | 39.0 (30.0–42.0) |
| BMI (N, %) | ||||
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 13 (2.2) | 4 (1.2) | 9 (4.2) | 0 |
| Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9) | 183 (30.5) | 90 (26.0) | 81 (37.9) | 11 (34.4) |
| Overweight (BMI 25–29.9) | 272 (45.3) | 163 (47.1) | 91 (42.5) | 16 (50.0) |
| Obese (BMI ≥30) | 132 (22.0) | 89 (25.7) | 33 (15.4) | 5 (15.6) |
| NK | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
| Comorbidities (N, %) | ||||
| ≥ 1 comorbidity | 446 (73.6) | 254 (72.4) | 163 (75.8) | 23 (71.9) |
| Anemiaa | 36 (26.7) | 26 (33.8) | 8 (16.0) | 2 (33.3) |
| Arterial Hypertension | 308 (50.8) | 188 (53.6) | 97 (45.1) | 17 (53.1) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 34 (5.6) | 20 (5.7) | 12 (5.6) | 2 (6.3) |
| Cardiac ischemic disease | 63 (10.4) | 35 (10.0) | 21 (9.8) | 6 (18.8) |
| Diabetes | 65 (10.7) | 40 (11.4) | 20 (9.3) | 4 (12.5) |
| GERD | 24 (4.0) | 14 (4.0) | 8 (3.7) | 2 (6.3) |
| Neoplastic disease | 31 (5.1) | 10 (2.8) | 17 (7.9) | 3 (9.4) |
| Osteoporosis | 26 (4.3) | 19 (5.4) | 5 (2.3) | 1 (3.1) |
| Blood tests | ||||
| eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (N, %) | n = 122 | n = 65 | n = 49 | n = 6 |
| 17 (13.9) | 11 (16.9) | 4 (8.2) | 2 (33.3) | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) (mean ± SD) | n = 135 | n = 77 | n = 50 | n = 6 |
| 14.0 ± 1.7 | 13.8 ± 1.8 | 14.4 ± 1.4 | 13.2 ± 1.1 | |
| Mean cell volume (fl) (mean ± SD) | n = 106 | n = 64 | n = 35 | n = 6 |
| 90.8 ± 7.9 | 90.4 ± 7.7 | 91.2 ± 7.7 | 93.0 ± 11.4 | |
| Eosinophil count (n/mm3) (median IQR) | n = 129 | n = 75 | n = 47 | n = 6 |
| 2.3 (0.1–166.0) | 3.0 (0.1–190.0) | 4.0 (0.1–166.0) | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) (median IQR) | n = 122 | n = 65 | n = 49 | n = 6 |
| 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.2) | |
| Ongoing therapies for COPD (N, %) | ||||
| ≥ 1 | 525 (86.6) | 311 (88.6) | 183 (85.1) | 27 (84.4) |
| Triple therapy (LABA, LAMA, ICS) | 187 (30.9) | 116 (33.0) | 62 (28.8) | 7 (21.9) |
| LABA+LAMA | 143 (23.6) | 58 (16.5) | 75 (34.9) | 8 (25.0) |
| LAMA Alone | 90 (14.9) | 66 (18.8) | 23 (10.7) | 1 (3.1) |
| ICS + LABA | 78 (12.9) | 53 (15.1) | 17 (7.9) | 8 (25.0) |
| LABA Alone | 18 (3.0) | 12 (3.4) | 4 (1.9) | 2 (6.3) |
| Other | 9 (1.5) | 6 (1.7) | 2 (0.9) | 1 (3.1) |
Data about EM + CB not shown
BMI body mass index. CB Chronic Bronchitis. eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate. EM Emphysema. GERD Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. ICS Inhaled corticosteroids. IQR interquartile range. LABA long-acting beta-agonist. LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonists. MCA Mixed-COPD asthma. NK Unknown. SD standard deviation; Triple therapy includes any combination of LABA, LAMA, ICS
aPresence of anemia was evaluated for 135 patients in the total sample, 77 CB, 50 EM, 6 MCA
Percentages computed out of non-missing responses