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. 2019 Jan 31;20(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s10194-019-0963-6

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 2 — Demonstration of ultrasonic vocalisation (USV) calls in an awake rat following a cortical spreading depression. Emission of USV calls in the 22–27 kHz range in adult rats indicate a negative affective state such as pain or distress. The shift in the frequency at the beginning and at the end of the ultrasonic vocalisation is the typical feature of a biological sound