Table 2.
Factors associated with neonatal, post-neonatal, infant, child and under-five mortalities in Tanzania, 2004–2016
| Neonatal (0–28 days) |
Post-neonatal (1–11 months) |
Infant (0–11 months) |
Child (12–59 months) |
Under-five (0–59 months) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | AHR (95%CI) | AHR (95%CI) | AHR (95%CI) | AHR (95%CI) | AHR (95%CI) |
| Year of survey | |||||
| 2004–2005 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 2010 | 0.79 (0.61–1.02) | 0.65 (0.51–0.84) | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | 0.57 (0.43–0.76) | 0.69 (0.59–0.80) |
| 2015–2016 | 0.75 (0.59–0.95) | 0.47 (0.36–0.61) | 0.62 (0.52―0.74) | 0.50 (0.37–0.68) | 0.60 (0.51–0.70) |
| Residence type | |||||
| Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Rural | 0.61 (0.48–0.78) | 0.80 (0.66―0.96) | 0.55 (0.38–0.81) | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | |
| Socio-demographic factor | |||||
| Household wealth index | |||||
| Rich | – | – | – | Ref | – |
| Middle | – | – | – | 2.03 (1.19–3.46) | – |
| Poor | – | – | – | 2.18 (1.25–3.81) | – |
| Mother’s education | |||||
| Secondary or higher | – | – | – | Ref | Ref |
| Primary | – | – | – | 2.47 (1.21–5.07) | 1.38 (1.06–1.80) |
| No education | – | – | – | 2.68 (1.27–5.67) | 1.32 (0.99–1.77) |
| Mother’s age (Years) | |||||
| 30―39 | Ref | Ref | Ref | – | – |
| < 20 | 3.30 (2.07–5.26) | 6.50 (3.39–12.5) | 4.50 (3.03–6.68) | – | – |
| 20―29 | 0.97 (0.72–1.32) | 1.93 (1.39–2.68) | 1.34 (1.05–1.71) | ||
| 40―49 | 0.76 (0.53–1.09) | 0.98 (0.65–1.49) | 0.88 (0.66–1.16) | ||
| Wanted pregnancy at the time | |||||
| Wanted then | – | Ref | – | – | Ref |
| Wanted later | – | 0.71 (0.51–0.99) | – | – | 0.78 (0.66–0.91) |
| Unwanted | – | 1.32 (0.71–2.49) | – | – | 0.89 (0.63–1.26) |
| Father’s education+ | |||||
| Secondary or higher | – | Ref | – | – | – |
| Primary | – | 1.13 (0.77–1.65) | – | – | – |
| No education | – | 1.53 (1.02–2.29) | – | – | – |
| Birth rank and birth interval+ | |||||
| 2 or 3 child, interval > 2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| First child | 1.45 (1.09–1.92) | 0.82 (0.59–1.15) | 1.10 (0.89―1.35) | 1.39 (1.18–1.63) | |
| 2 or 3 child, interval ≤ 2 | 1.42 (0.97–2.08) | 1.19 (0.78–1.80) | 1.27 (0.98―1.64) | 1.43 (1.14–1.79) | |
| 4 or more child, interval > 2 | 1.08 (0.77–1.53) | 1.64 (1.14–2.36) | 1.28 (0.98―1.67) | 1.04 (0.88–1.24) | |
| 4 or more child, interval ≤ 2 | 1.91 (1.30–2.79) | 2.03 (1.33–3.12) | 1.84 (1.37―2.47) | 1.58 (1.27–1.98) | |
| Child sex | |||||
| Female | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref |
| Male | 1.59 (1.29–1.96) | – | 1.22 (1.05–1.42) | – | 1.21 (1.07–1.37) |
| Mother’s perceived baby size+ | |||||
| Average or larger | Ref | Ref | Ref | – | Ref |
| Small or very small | 2.73 (2.11–3.52) | 1.43 (1.04–1.98) | 2.00 (1.63–2.45) | – | 1.90 (1.59–2.27) |
| Mode of delivery+ | |||||
| Non-caesarean | Ref | Ref | Ref | – | – |
| Caesarean section | 1.94 (1.34–2.80) | 1.82 (1.14–2.91) | 1.84 (1.38–2.46) | – | – |
AHR Adjusted hazard ratios; 95% CI: 95% Confidence interval
Variables adjusted for: place of residence, wealth index, mother’s (religion, education, age, body mass index, work status and desire for pregnancy), father’s education, child’s (sex, birth place, body size, mode of delivery, delivery assistance, birth order and birth
Interval). Multiple births were excluded from the analysis
Caesarean section is a combination of both elective and emergency caesareans; − variables that were not statistically significant