A) BMMC were treated ± 12.5 mM lactic acid for 24 hours, then activated ± LPS (1 μg/mL) for 16 hours. Glucose and lactate were measured in the cell supernatant by colorimetric assay. Uptake and export were calculated from the difference between controls and activated samples. B) BMMC were treated ± 2DG (1mM) or OX (20 mM) for 1 hour prior to LPS activation (1 μg/mL). After 16 hours, cytokines were measured in supernatant by ELISA. C) BMMC were treated with 2DG (1mM) or OX (20 mM) for 1 hour prior to LPS activation (1 μg/mL). After 2 hours, luciferase activity was measured from the NFκB-luc transgenic BMMC on the Glomax Luminometer. Data are means ± SEM of 3 populations analyzed in triplicate, representative of 3 independent experiments. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001, ****p < .0001.