Table 2.

Overview of maternal and perinatal outcomes in asylum seekers and undocumented migrants for each of the included studies

Author(s) (year)	Maternal outcomes	Perinatal outcomes
Asylum seekers
Kurth et al. (2010)29	Mode of birth: no difference Spontaneous abortions: 8%⋄ Premature labour: 15%⋄ Prenatal bleeding: 11%⋄ Gestational diabetes: 9%⋄ Anaemia: 7%⋄	Preterm birth (35–37 weeks): 6% (n = 3/48)⋄ Mean birthweight (SD): 3470 g (556)⋄ Low birthweight (<2500 g): 2% (n = 1/48)⋄ Congenital malformations: 2% (n = 1/48)⋄ Intrauterine growth restriction: 7%⋄
Van Oostrum et al. (2011)28	Maternal mortality ratio (deaths per 100 000 births): higher [AS vs. HP: rate ratio (95% CI) = 10.08 (8.02, 12.83)] Maternal mortality ratio (deaths per 100 000 births): higher [AS vs. Surinams/Antillians (ethnic group with highest maternal mortality ratio in The Netherlands): 69.33 vs. 35]	Perinatal mortality: no difference
Van Hanegem et al. (2011)27	Maternal deaths: none Incidence of SAMM (per 1000 births): higher [n = 369 711, AS vs. HP: 31.0 vs 6.8, RR (95% CI) = 4.5 (3.3, 6.1); AS vs. non-western DM: 31.0 vs 8.5, RR (95% CI) = 3.6 (2.6, 5.0)] SAMM (per 1000 births): higher [AS vs. non-Western migrants: 31.0 vs. 8.5, RR (95% CI) = 3.6 (2.6, 5.0)] –Inclusion categories for SAMM: ICU admission, uterine rupture, eclampsia/HELLP, major obstetric haemorrhage, miscellaneous (other types of SAMM)	NA
Goosen et al. (2015)31	NA	Mother-to-child transmission of HIV: 9.8% (n = 6/62)
Ratcliff et al. (2015)30	Antenatal depression (EPDS score): no difference (AS & UM vs. DM)	Obstetric complications: no difference –Complications considered: e.g. premature birth, infection, gestational diabetes, hypertension or pre-eclampsia, haemorrhage
Undocumented migrants
Wolff et al. (2008)34	Mode of birth: no difference Complications during pregnancy, vaginal birth or postpartum: no difference –Pregnancy and vaginal birth complications considered: urinary infection, anaemia, risk of preterm birth, vaginal tear, retention of the placenta, pre-eclampsia, fever	Mean gestational age in weeks (SD): lower (n = 335, UM vs. DM: 38.9 (1.9) vs. 39.4 (1.4), P = 0.02) Preterm births (<37 weeks): no difference (n = 335, UM vs. DM: 9% vs. 4%, P = 0.09) Born in good health, born dead, transfer to the neonatology for serious health hazard, birth weight, low birth weight, APGAR scores and neonatal complications: no difference
Schoevers et al. (2009)32	Hypertension/toxemia during pregnancy: 6% (n = 2/31)⋄ Kidney problems during pregnancy: 3% (n = 2/31)⋄ Cervix insufficiency: 3% (n = 1/31)⋄	Preterm birth: 9% (n = 2/22)⋄ Caesarean section: 9% (n = 2/22)⋄ Prolonged labour: 5% (n = 1/22)⋄ Multiple handicapped foetus: 5% (n = 1/22)⋄ Embryoma spine neonate: 5% (n = 1/22)⋄ Low birth weight (<2500 g): 14% (n = 3/22)⋄ Foetal distress 5% (n = 1/22)⋄ Birth trauma: 5% (n = 1/22)⋄
Fedeli et al. (2010)36	Birth via caesarean section: (n = 93 430, UM vs. DM vs. HP: 19.5% vs. 26.9% vs. 29.5%)⋄ Antepartum hospitalizations per birth: (n = 93 430, UM vs. DM vs. HP: 0.24 vs. 0.21 vs. 0.1)⋄ Miscarriages per birth: (n = 93 430, UM vs. DM vs. HP: 0.35 vs. 0.15 vs. 0.1)⋄	NA
de Jonge et al. (2011)33	Intervention during labour: no difference. Intervention during labour: no difference. –Interventions considered: induction, augmentation, vacuum, forceps, caesarean section Referral for failure to progress in labour: lower [n = 226, UM vs. DM: 7% vs. 24%, OR (95% CI) = 0.40 (0.16, 0.98)] Anaemia: no difference Neonatal admission at maternal indication: no difference	Perinatal mortality (>22 weeks): no difference Gestational age at birth in weeks: no difference Preterm birth (<37 weeks): higher [n = 226, UM vs. DM: 12.6% vs. 3.1%, OR (95% CI) = 4.59 (1.43, 14.72)] Foetal distress: no difference Weight of babies born at term: no difference Low birth weight (<2500 g): higher [n = 226, UM vs. DM: 14% vs. 6%, OR (CI 95%) = 3.51 (1.30, 9.52)] Neonatal admissions for prematurity/SGA: higher [n = 226, UM vs. DM: 12% vs. 3%, OR (95% CI) = 6.17 (1.69, 22.52)] Neonatal admissions for poor neonatal condition: no difference
Shortall et al. (2015)35	Mode of birth: elective caesarean section: 2.9% (n = 1/35) emergency caesarean section: 29.4% (n = 10/35) instrumental birth: 5.9% (n = 2/35) spontaneous vaginal birth: 58.8% (n = 20/35)⋄	Birth at term: 43%⋄ Postterm birth: 37%⋄ Preterm birth: 14%⋄ Perinatal mortality: 5.5%; (n = 2/35)⋄
Salmasi et al. (2015)37	NA	Low birth weight decreased with 1.2–2.7% (P < 0.05) when UM had become DM

No difference: AS/UM have been compared with HP/DM, no statistical differences found. Higher/lower: significantly higher/lower results reported for study population (AS/UM) as compared with control population (HP/DM) on this outcome. ^⋄No statistical analysis available on this outcome. Notes: APGAR, Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration; AS, asylum seekers; DM, documented migrants; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; HELLP, haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count; HP, host-country population(s); ICU, intensive care unit; SAMM, Severe Acute Maternal Morbidity; SGA, Small for Gestational Age; UM, undocumented migrants.