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. 2019 Sep 3;13:916. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00916

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Copyright © 2019 Morimoto and Nakajima.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Timeline of cerebral cortex development and distribution of immune cells in mice. Microglia begin to enter the brain at E9.5, and other immune cells, such as T cells, B cells and dendritic cells, infiltrate the brain at least by E16. No data regarding the distribution of granulocytes and NK cells at developmental stages are available; however, they exist in the adult brain. Immune cells, except microglia, are mostly located at the pial surface, ventricle and choroid plexus, and a few cells enter the brain parenchyma. The lower part indicates the time course of major developmental events and the marks on the right illustrate the related immune cells for each process. E, embryonic; P, postnatal; MZ, marginal zone; CP, cortical plate; IZ, intermediate zone; SVZ, subventricular zone; VZ, ventricular zone.