Table 3. Results From Multivariable Linear Probability Models With County and Quarterly Time Fixed Effectsa,b,c.
| Type of Analysis | Full Sample (N = 2 443 405 Child-Months) | Asthma Subsample (n = 259 751 Child-Months) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main | Sensitivity | Main | Sensitivity | |||||
| Estimate (95% CI) | P Value | Estimate (95% CI) | P Value | Estimate (95% CI) | P Value | Estimate (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Overall association of telehealth with ED visits | 0.05 (−0.11 to 0.21) | .53 | NA | NA | −0.66 (−1.16 to −0.17) | <.01 | NA | NA |
| Varying associations of telehealth with ED visits | ||||||||
| 2015 | NA | NA | −0.10 (−0.31 to 0.12) | .37 | NA | NA | −0.42 (−1.13 to 0.29) | .24 |
| 2016 | NA | NA | 0.09 (−0.14 to 0.31) | .46 | NA | NA | −0.51 (−1.25 to 0.24) | .18 |
| 2017 | NA | NA | 0.18 (−0.06 to 0.43) | .14 | NA | NA | −1.11 (−1.82 to −0.41) | <.001 |
| Age, y | ||||||||
| 3-7 | 1 [Reference] | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 8-12 | −1.08 (−1.13 to −1.03) | <.001 | −1.08 (−1.13 to −1.03) | <.001 | −0.73 (−0.89 to −0.57) | <.001 | −0.73 (−0.89 to −0.57) | <.001 |
| 13-17 | −0.62 (−0.68 to −0.56) | <.001 | −0.62 (−0.68 to −0.56) | <.001 | −0.27 (−0.45 to −0.08) | <.01 | −0.27 (−0.45 to −0.08) | .01 |
| Male | −0.04 (−0.09 to 0.00) | .06 | −0.04 (−0.09 to 0.00) | .06 | 0.12 (−0.02 to 0.26) | .10 | 0.12 (−0.02 to 0.26) | .10 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| African American | 1 [Reference] | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| White | −0.49 (−0.57 to −0.46) | <.001 | −0.49 (−0.57 to −0.46) | <.001 | −0.76 (−0.93 to −0.59) | <.001 | −0.76 (−0.93 to −0.59) | <.001 |
| Other race/ethnicity | −0.43 (−0.51 to −0.36) | <.001 | −0.41 (−0.51 to −0.36) | <.001 | −0.03 (−0.26 to 0.19) | .78 | −0.03 (−0.26 to 0.19) | .78 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Asthma | 0.38 (0.29 to 0.47) | <.001 | 0.38 (0.29 to 0.47) | <.001 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Gastroesophageal reflux | 3.81 (3.56 to 4.06) | <.001 | 3.81 (3.56 to 4.06) | <.001 | 1.56 (1.18 to 1.94) | <.001 | 1.56 (1.18 to 1.94) | <.001 |
| Obesity | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.08) | <.001 | 0.92 (0.77 to 1.08) | <.001 | 0.01 (−0.30 to 0.32) | .94 | 0.01 (−0.29 to 0.32) | .94 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 2.68 (2.38 to 2.97) | <.001 | 2.68 (2.38 to 2.97) | <.001 | 0.69 (0.26 to 1.12) | <.001 | 0.69 (0.26 to 1.12) | <.001 |
| Sinusitis | 1.99 (1.88 to 2.10) | <.001 | 1.99 (1.88 to 2.10) | <.001 | −0.01 (−0.21 to 0.18) | .90 | −0.01 (−0.21 to 0.18) | .90 |
| Anxiety, depression, and emotional disturbance | 2.90 (2.76 to 3.04) | <.001 | 2.90 (2.76 to 3.04) | <.001 | 1.07 (0.77 to 1.38) | <.001 | 1.07 (0.77 to 1.37) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 4.09 (3.59 to 4.59) | <.001 | 4.09 (3.59 to 4.59) | <.001 | 1.62 (0.81 to 2.43) | <.001 | 1.62 (0.81 to 2.43) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 3.15 (2.68 to 3.63) | <.001 | 3.15 (2.68 to 3.63) | <.001 | 2.96 (1.91 to 3.00) | <.001 | 2.96 (1.91 to 3.00) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; NA, not applicable.
a
The dependent variable (status of all-cause ED visits) was multiplied by 100 in the models.
b
The results of county and quarterly time fixed effects, all of which were jointly statistically significant (P < .001), were not reported here.
c
Standard errors adjusted for heteroscedasticity.