Table 1. Study Population Characteristics and Prevalence of PCEs by D/PMH, ACEs, ARSES, and Demographic Characteristics.
| Population Characteristics (n = Unweighted Sample Size) | Statewide Population Prevalence Estimates | Prevalence of PCEs (n = 4926)a | P Value (Test of Independence) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-2 PCEs | 3-5 PCEs | 6-7 PCEs | |||||||
| Unweighted No. | Weighted % | Unweighted No. | Weighted % | Unweighted No. | Weighted % | Unweighted No. | Weighted % | ||
| All respondents | 6188 | 100 | 635 | 13.2 | 1606 | 34.5 | 2685 | 52.3 | NA |
| D/PMH (n = 6187) | |||||||||
| Yes | 1289 | 21.2 | 294 | 29.4 | 402 | 40.1 | 347 | 30.5 | <.001 |
| No | 4898 | 78.8 | 341 | 8.7 | 1204 | 33.0 | 2338 | 58.3 | |
| ACEs exposure levels (n = 4974)a,b | |||||||||
| 0 ACEs | 2275 | 43.3 | 106 | 4.9 | 567 | 27.3 | 1568 | 67.8 | <.001 |
| 1 ACE | 1142 | 23.0 | 100 | 8.3 | 406 | 38.6 | 625 | 53.1 | |
| 2-3 ACEs | 967 | 19.9 | 174 | 18.5 | 400 | 42.1 | 390 | 39.5 | |
| 4-8 ACEs | 590 | 13.7 | 255 | 39.4 | 232 | 39.4 | 100 | 21.2 | |
| ARSES (n = 5021)a | |||||||||
| Always | 2707 | 55.1 | 195 | 7.9 | 687 | 27.3 | 1743 | 64.8 | <.001 |
| Usually | 1337 | 25.8 | 171 | 12.9 | 507 | 41.9 | 635 | 45.2 | |
| Sometimes, rarely, or never | 977 | 19.1 | 263 | 28.7 | 393 | 44.7 | 284 | 26.6 | |
| Age (n = 6127), y | |||||||||
| 18-34 | 977 | 28.8 | 98 | 13.0 | 267 | 37.9 | 350 | 49.2 | .03 |
| 35-54 | 1737 | 33.0 | 201 | 15.6 | 407 | 31.9 | 748 | 52.5 | |
| 55-64 | 1426 | 17.6 | 169 | 12.6 | 389 | 36.0 | 613 | 51.4 | |
| 65 or older | 1987 | 20.5 | 163 | 10.4 | 532 | 33.1 | 954 | 56.5 | |
| Sex (n = 6188) | |||||||||
| Male | 2720 | 49.3 | 248 | 11.9 | 763 | 36.3 | 1133 | 51.7 | .09 |
| Female | 3468 | 50.7 | 387 | 14.3 | 843 | 32.8 | 1552 | 52.9 | |
| Race/ethnicity (n = 6129) | |||||||||
| Nonwhite | 757 | 15.1 | 107 | 17.0 | 208 | 44.7 | 233 | 38.3 | <.001 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 5372 | 84.9 | 521 | 12.6 | 1385 | 33.1 | 2433 | 54.3 | |
| Income level (n = 5461),c $ | |||||||||
| <24 999 | 1331 | 22.5 | 219 | 22.0 | 387 | 38.3 | 437 | 39.6 | <.001 |
| 25 000-49 999 | 1511 | 27.8 | 168 | 14.9 | 431 | 36.9 | 631 | 48.3 | |
| 50 000-74 999 | 1010 | 18.9 | 83 | 9.7 | 288 | 39.1 | 465 | 51.3 | |
| 75 000 or more | 1609 | 30.7 | 105 | 8.2 | 334 | 25.9 | 888 | 66.0 | |
Abbreviations: ACEs, adverse childhood experiences; ARSES, adult-reported social and emotional support; D/PMH, depression and/or poor mental health; NA, not applicable; PCEs, positive childhood experiences; WI BRFS, Wisconsin Behavioral Risk Factor Survey.
A 10% missing value rate is expected and attributed to core WI BRFS survey administration to out-of-state cellular phone holders who never received the WI BRFS state added items.59 The remainder were nearly all owing to respondent dropoffs prior to administering the ARSES, ACEs, and PCEs questions, which were administered after the end of the core WI BRFS. No notable differences in prevalence of D/PMH were found between respondents and cases missing ARSES, ACEs, or PCEs data. See eTable 1 in the Supplement.
The ACEs cumulative scores were created placing adults into categories of 0, 1, 2 to 3, or 4 to 8 ACEs based on their responses to the 11 ACEs items. Three sexual abuse items were combined into a single item, and alcohol and substance abuse items were presented as a single ACEs item.
Income missing values rate was 11.7%.