Table 2. Prevalence and Adjusted Odds Ratios of Adult D/PMH and Reports of “Always” on the ARSES Item by PCEs and Other Regression Model Variables.
| Population Characteristics (Raw Sample Size) | Prevalence of D/PMH | P Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) for Meeting D/PMH Criteria | Prevalence of “Always” on ARSES Item | P Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) for Reports of “Always” on ARSES Itema | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unweighted No. | Weighted % | Unweighted No. | Weighted % | |||||
| All Respondents | 1289 | 21.2 | NA | NA | 2707 | 55.1 | NA | NA |
| Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) (n = 4926)a,b,c | ||||||||
| 0-2 PCEs reported | 294 | 48.2 | <.001 | 1 [Reference] | 195 | 33.0 | <.001 | 1 [Reference] |
| 3-5 PCEs reported | 402 | 25.1 | 0.50 (0.36-0.69) | 687 | 43.6 | 1.31 (0.97-1.78) | ||
| 6-7 PCEs reported | 347 | 12.6 | 0.28 (0.21-0.39) | 1743 | 67.9 | 3.53 (2.60-4.80) | ||
| Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) (n = 4974)a | ||||||||
| No ACEs reported | 252 | 11.9 | <.001 | 1 [Reference] | 1394 | 62.4 | <.001 | 1.22 (0.88-1.69) |
| 1 ACE reported | 215 | 20.2 | 1.62 (1.18-2.21) | 596 | 53.9 | 0.93 (0.67-1.30) | ||
| 2-3 ACEs reported | 294 | 29.2 | 2.40 (1.77-3.24) | 439 | 47.6 | 0.90 (0.64-1.27) | ||
| 4-8 ACEs reported |
285 | 42.4 | 3.10 (2.20-4.37) | 226 | 44.2 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Age (n = 6127), y | ||||||||
| 18-34 | 215 | 21.0 | .01 | 1.09 (0.78-1.53) | 408 | 56.8 | .44 | 1.09 (0.84-1.42) |
| 35-54 | 406 | 22.6 | 1.51 (1.10-2.06) | 766 | 54.9 | 0.97 (0.76-1.23) | ||
| 55-64 | 331 | 24.2 | 1.64 (1.20-2.24) | 600 | 52.1 | 0.88 (0.69-1.13) | ||
| 65 or older | 332 | 16.9 | 1 [Reference] | 911 | 55.8 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Sex (n = 6188) | ||||||||
| Male | 444 | 16.9 | <.001 | 0.59 (0.47-0.74) | 1189 | 55.3 | .80 | 0.97 (0.81-1.17) |
| Female | 845 | 25.5 | 1 [Reference] | 1518 | 54.8 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Race/ethnicity (n = 6129) | ||||||||
| Nonwhite | 203 | 23.8 | <.25 | 0.98 (0.67-1.42) | 294 | 53.5 | .64 | 1.19 (0.84-1.70) |
| White, non-Hispanic | 1078 | 20.9 | 1 [Reference] | 2391 | 55.2 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Income level (n = 5461),d $ | ||||||||
| <24 999 | 454 | 33.3 | <.001 | 2.91 (2.11-4.02) | 465 | 47.8 | <.001 | 0.67 (0.51-0.88) |
| 25 000-49 999 | 340 | 22.6 | 1.76 (1.29-2.41) | 667 | 53.4 | 0.81 (0.64-1.03) | ||
| 50 000-74 999 | 172 | 18.4 | 1.43 (1.02-2.01) | 458 | 54.3 | 0.81 (0.62-1.05) | ||
| 75 000 or more | 205 | 13.1 | 1 [Reference] | 857 | 62.3 | 1 [Reference] | ||
Abbreviations: ACEs, adverse childhood experiences; ARSES, adult-reported social and emotional support; D/PMH, depression and/or poor mental health; NA, not applicable; PCEs, positive childhood experiences; WI BRFS, Wisconsin Behavioral Risk Factor Survey.
A 10% missing value rate is expected and attributed to core WI BRFS 5 survey administration to out-of-state cellular phone holders who never received the WI BRFS state added items.59 The remainder were nearly all owing to respondent dropoffs prior to administering the ARSES, ACEs, and PCEs questions, which were administered after the end of the core WI BRFS. No notable differences in prevalence of D/PMH were found between respondents and cases missing ARSES, ACEs, or PCEs data. See eTable 1 in the Supplement.
Without adjustment for ACEs, PCEs associations with D/PMH were 0.19 (95% CI, 0.14-0.25) and 0.40 (95% CI, 0.30-0.54) for adults reporting 6 to 7 and 3 to 5 PCEs vs 0 to 2 PCEs, respectively.
Without adjustment for ACEs, PCEs associations with “always” on the ARSES variable were 3.83 (95% CI, 2.89-5.06) and 1.35 (95% CI, 1.01-1.81) for adults reporting 6 to 7 and 3 to 5 PCEs vs 0 to 2 PCEs, respectively.
Income missing values rate is 11.7%. Income was not imputed for the WI BRFS by the Wisconsin Department of Health Services so federal poverty level could not be calculated.