Table 1.

OX40/OX40L and cancer

Disease	Finding	References
Cancer	Anti-OX40L delayed the tumor progression and even eradicated tumors.	54
Breast cancer	Activation of OX40 receptor+ CD4+ T cells could stimulate the anti-tumor immune response in mammary cancer.	55
Colon cancer	High levels of OX40 positive lymphocytes were correlated with better survival in colon cancers.	56
Cancer	OX40L fusion protein could inhibit the tumor by direct intra-tumor injection.	9
Cancer	OX40L-transduced tumor cells could elicit tumor-specific Th1 immune responses, generate anti-tumor immunity and inhibit the tumor growth in vivo.	57
Cancer	OX40 agnostic therapy contributed to anti-tumor CD8 effector T (Teff) cells priming and enhanced CD8 T cell response to the antigen tumor derived.	58–60
Cancer	Intra peritoneal injection of OX40L-immunoglobulin fusion protein could inhibit tumor growth.	61
Cancer	OX40L on DCs could induce anti-tumor immunity via binding OX40 on CD4+ T cells and NK T cells.	62
Advanced cancer	Agonistic anti-OX40 increased circulating T cells, B cells and intratumoral Tregs, enhancing tumor-specific immune responses.	49
Cancer	Agonist anti-OX40 therapy combined with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) blockade augmented antigen-specific CD8 T cells and limited the Th2 cells polarization, eliciting potent anti-tumor immunity.	63,64
Cancer	OX40 agonistic and IDO (indoleamine-(2,3)-dioxygenase) inhibitor produced a synergistic effect on the tumor immune response.	65
Glioma	Agonist anti-OX40 immunotherapy was active against intracranial glioma.	66
Metastatic ovarian cancer	Combining anti-OX40 and anti-CD73 immunostimulants increased cytotoxic T cell infiltration and decreased tumor promoting immune cells.	67

Abbreviations: NK, natural killer; DCs, dendritic cells; Th2, T helper 2.