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. 2019 Jul 25;3(9):1715–1726. doi: 10.1210/js.2019-00201

Table 1.

Study Population Characteristics in Total Sample Stratified by BPA and BPS Concentrations and BPF Detection, NHANES from 2013 to 2016

Characteristic Totala (n = 1831), n (%) BPA (ng/mL) BPS (ng/mL) BPF Detection, % (SE)
GM GSE P Valueb GM GSE P Valueb Yes (n = 948) No (n = 883) P Valuec
Sex
 Male 937 (50.76) 1.29 0.06 0.36 0.02 50.94 1.97 50.93 2.21
 Female 894 (49.24) 1.23 0.06 0.13 0.39 0.02 0.94 49.06 1.97 49.07 2.21 1.00
Age group, y
 6–11 965 (44.36) 1.28 0.05 0.36 0.02 40.54 2.37 48.40 1.81
 12–19 866 (55.64) 1.24 0.06 0.70 0.39 0.02 0.30 59.46 2.37 51.60 1.81 0.02
Smoke exposured
 Yes 364 (21.72) 1.32 0.07 0.39 0.03 20.12 2.37 23.64 1.62
 No 1330 (78.28) 1.23 0.05 0.89 0.37 0.02 0.29 79.88 2.37 76.36 1.62 0.20
 Missing 137 (6.84) 1.32 0.17 0.56 0.37 0.04 0.48 7.40 1.31 6.41 1.73 0.61
PIR quartile
 First (<0.8) 415 (16.89) 1.40 0.09 0.47 0.03 16.04 1.96 17.96 2.17
 Second (≥0.8 to <1.47) 416 (19.19) 1.30 0.07 0.37 0.04 17.87 1.64 20.87 2.48
 Third (≥1.47 to <2.92) 423 (27.81) 1.23 0.07 0.35 0.03 27.53 1.98 28.15 2.44
 Fourth (≥2.92) 418 (36.11) 1.22 0.08 0.02 0.33 0.02 0.00 38.56 3.26 33.01 3.94 0.31
 Income information missing 159 (8.47) 1.11 0.13 0.43 0.58 0.07 0.00 5.65 1.10 8.30 1.15 0.10
Head of household education level
 <9th Grade 207 (7.80) 1.21 0.14 0.46 0.04 7.24 1.20 8.59 1.78
 ≥9th Grade but less than high school 255 (11.19) 1.33 0.11 0.36 0.04 10.13 1.30 12.68 1.89
 High school graduation 393 (21.39) 1.33 0.08 0.39 0.04 24.12 1.99 17.58 1.46
 Some college or associate’s degree 557 (33.87) 1.28 0.08 0.36 0.03 32.75 2.82 35.21 1.96
 College or more 358 (25.75) 1.15 0.10 0.10 0.36 0.03 0.05 25.75 2.84 24.99 2.95 0.09
 Education information missing 61 (2.97) 1.28 0.21 0.94 0.47 0.07 0.63 2.16 0.75 3.82 0.83 0.18
Race/ethnicity
 Mexican American Hispanic 428 (15.78) 1.24 0.06 0.45 0.03 14.51 2.22 17.45 3.19
 Other Hispanic 206 (7.53) 1.21 0.07 0.54 0.05 5.72 0.73 9.78 1.44
 Non-Hispanic white 487 (53.15) 1.21 0.06 0.31 0.02 56.62 3.67 48.68 5.39
 Non-Hispanic black 440 (14.23) 1.66 0.12 0.50 0.03 15.52 2.31 12.91 2.47
 Other/multiple 270 (9.31) 1.07 0.10 0.00 0.37 0.03 0.00 7.63 1.05 11.17 1.71 0.01
Time spent watching television, h
 <2 675 (40.42) 1.30 0.08 0.36 0.02 40.72 2.76 39.52 2.25
 ≥2 1133 (59.58) 1.25 0.04 0.74 0.39 0.02 0.13 59.28 2.76 60.48 2.25 0.75
 Television watching information missing 23 (1.51) 0.62 0.18 0.08 0.33 0.12 0.38 1.69 0.60 1.12 0.32 0.37
Caloric intakee
 USDA cutpoint or less 1179 (75.86) 1.26 0.05 0.37 0.02 76.52 1.55 74.95 2.10
 Greater than USDA cutpoint 413 (24.14) 1.23 0.09 0.51 0.38 0.04 0.24 23.48 1.55 25.05 2.10 0.59
 Caloric intake information missing 239 (11.33) 1.36 0.12 0.89 0.38 0.04 0.29 11.00 1.55 11.50 1.47 0.83
Obesityf
 Yes 381 (19.55) 1.34 0.08 0.47 0.04 20.77 1.89 18.13 1.95
 No 1439 (80.45) 1.23 0.05 0.17 0.35 0.02 0.00 79.23 1.89 81.87 1.95 0.20
 Missing 11 (0.50) 2.60 1.27 0.63 0.79 0.27 0.21 0.65 0.31 0.25 0.14 0.20
Severe obesityg
 Yes 253 (12.68) 1.33 0.09 0.49 0.05 13.04 1.51 12.39 1.68
 No 1567 (87.32) 1.24 0.05 0.26 0.36 0.02 0.00 86.96 1.51 87.61 1.68 0.74
 Missing 11 (0.50) 2.60 1.27 0.63 0.79 0.27 0.21 0.65 0.31 0.25 0.14 0.20
Abdominal obesityh
 Yes 669 (36.22) 1.26 0.05 0.42 0.03 38.22 2.53 33.75 2.74
 No 1108 (63.78) 1.26 0.05 0.94 0.35 0.02 0.00 61.78 2.53 66.25 2.74 0.11
 Missing 54 (2.86) 1.10 0.27 0.55 0.48 0.12 0.08 3.25 0.58 1.18 0.31 0.00
Overweight or higheri
 Yes 712 (38.22) 1.29 0.06 0.42 0.02 40.64 2.30 35.25 2.21
 No 1108 (61.78) 1.23 0.05 0.19 0.35 0.02 0.00 59.36 2.30 64.75 2.21 0.02
 Missing 11 (0.50) 2.60 1.27 0.63 0.79 0.27 0.21 0.65 0.31 0.25 0.14 0.20
BPA quartile
 First 440 (24.63) 0.37 0.01 0.21 0.01 19.17 1.70 31.35 2.07
 Second 460 (24.62) 0.91 0.01 0.35 0.03 22.65 1.83 27.06 2.18
 Third 454 (24.96) 1.60 0.01 0.45 0.03 26.82 1.89 22.65 1.84
 Fourth 477 (25.79) 4.41 0.10 0.00 0.59 0.04 0.00 31.36 1.76 18.94 1.70 0.00

Abbreviations: GM, geometric mean; GSE, geometric standard error; USDA, US Department of Agriculture.

a

All cell counts provided are unweighted, with percentages weighted to NHANES environmental subsample.

b

P values generated from Mann-Whitney U tests for dichotomous variables and Kruskal-Wallis H tests for variables with two or more categories.

c

P values generated from χ2 tests.

d

Composite variable consisting of serum cotinine concentrations ≥2 ng/mL for 2013 to 2014 and questionnaire proxies for 2015 to 2016.

e

USDA cut point for children with high physical activity.

f

Obesity defined as ≥95th percentile of age- and sex-standardized BMI z-scores.

g

Severe obesity defined as ≥120% of the 95th percentile of age- and sex-standardized BMI z-scores or a BMI of ≥35 kg/m2greater, whichever was lower.

h

Defined as waist circumference (cm)/height (cm) ≥0.5.

i

Overweight defined as ≥85th percentile of age- and sex-standardized body mass index (BMI) z-scores.