FIGURE 3.
Body composition changes. Results from intention-to-treat analysis are displayed [n = 40 (CD: n = 14; TRF: n = 13; TRFHMB: n = 13)], and data from per protocol analysis are displayed in the online supporting material. Percent changes (mean ± SE) displayed as differences between W0 and W8 values relative to W0 values for each variable. Total body composition was estimated using a 4-component model, and muscle thickness was assessed via ultrasonography. Asterisks with brackets indicate significant changes in all groups (i.e., time main effects), with nonsignificant differences between groups, based on mixed model analysis and follow-up tests. BF%, body fat percentage; BM, body mass; CD, control diet; FM, fat mass; FFM, fat-free mass; MTEF, ultrasound muscle thickness of elbow flexors; MTKE, ultrasound muscle thickness of knee extensors; TRF, time-restricted feeding; TRFHMB, time-restricted feeding plus β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate supplementation.