TABLE 3.

Nutrient intake¹

	Group2	Preintervention3	During intervention	Δ	Δ (%)	P (group)	P (time)	P (I)
Energy, kcal	CD	1384 ± 117	1570 ± 111	186	13	0.91	0.01	0.62
	TRF	1430 ± 121	1624 ± 107	194	14
	TRFHMB	1466 ± 111	1489 ± 112	23	2
Protein
g	CD	67 ± 7	98 ± 7	31	46	0.49	<0.0001	0.87
	TRF	79 ± 8	105 ± 6	26	33
	TRFHMB	77 ± 8	102 ± 7	25	32
%	CD	20 ± 2	27 ± 2	7	35	0.67	<0.0001	0.48
	TRF	23 ± 2	27 ± 2	4	17
	TRFHMB	21 ± 2	28 ± 2	7	33
g/kg	CD	1.1 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.1	0.5	45	0.58	<0.0001	0.82
	TRF	1.2 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.1	0.4	33
	TRFHMB	1.2 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.1	0.4	33
Carbohydrate
g	CD	158 ± 15	165 ± 17	7	4	0.58	0.90	0.83
	TRF	167 ± 16	157 ± 16	−10	−6
	TRFHMB	146 ± 16	145 ± 17	−1	−1
%	CD	47 ± 3	42 ± 2	−5	−11	0.24	0.045	0.58
	TRF	45 ± 3	39 ± 2	−6	−13
	TRFHMB	40 ± 3	39 ± 2	−1	−3
g/kg	CD	2.5 ± 0.3	2.6 ± 0.3	0.1	4	0.59	0.82	0.81
	TRF	2.7 ± 0.3	2.5 ± 0.3	−0.2	−7
	TRFHMB	2.3 ± 0.3	2.3 ± 0.3	0.0	0
Fat
g	CD	51 ± 10	54 ± 6	3	6	0.46	0.74	0.12
	TRF	52 ± 11	64 ± 5	12	23
	TRFHMB	75 ± 11	53 ± 6	−22	−29
%	CD	34 ± 3	32 ± 2	−2	−6	0.34	0.24	0.20
	TRF	32 ± 3	34 ± 2	2	6
	TRFHMB	39 ± 3	32 ± 3	−7	−18
g/kg	CD	0.8 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.1	0.1	13	0.46	0.80	0.11
	TRF	0.8 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.1	0.2	25
	TRFHMB	1.2 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.1	−0.4	−33

¹Data are presented as mean ± SE. P values are from mixed model analysis. Data from intention-to-treat analysis are displayed, and data from per protocol analysis are displayed in the online supporting material. CD, control diet; I, group by time interaction; TRF, time-restricted feeding; TRF_HMB, time-restricted feeding plus β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate supplementation.

² n = 40 (CD: n = 14; TRF: n = 13; TRF_HMB: n = 13).

³No preintervention differences between groups were present.