Table 2.
Regression coefficients/odds ratios, effect size (p-values) in the final regression models for each outcome
| Cognitive ability | Psychological well-being | Behavior problems | Metabolic health | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verbal IQ | Performance IQ | Academic achievement | Grit | Self-control | Happiness | Internalizing | Externalizing | IFG | BMI | |
| Weekly nap frequency (Ref: Never) | ||||||||||
| ≤2 | 1.60, 0.15 (0.381) | 2.64, 0.24 (0.149) | 0.05, 0.05 (0.463) | 0.02, 0.03 (0.742) | 0.05, 0.10 (.0380) | 0.06, 0.09 (.543) | −2.58, −0.28 (.040) | −0.42, −0.05 (.736) | 0.96, −(.790) | −0.26, −0.08 (.564) |
| 3–4 | 3.07, 0.28 (.082) | 0.60, 0.06 (.734) | 0.20, 0.21 (.001) | 0.07, 0.12 (.153) | 0.10, 0.18 (.058) | 0.19, 0.29 (.032) | −3.43, −0.37 (.004) | −3.14, −0.34 (.009) | 1.54, −(.174) | 0.12, 0.04 (.779) |
| 5–7 | 4.28, 0.39 (.013) | 2.08, 0.19 (.227) | 0.27, 0.29 (<10−4) | 0.17, 0.29 (.001) | 0.12, 0.22 (.015) | 0.20, 0.30 (.017) | −2.53, −0.28 (.029) | −1.31, −0.14 (.266) | 0.79, −(.087) | −0.05, −0.02 (.906) |
| Night in-bed time | ||||||||||
| 0.05, 0.09 (.009) | 0.09, 0.16 (<10−4) | 0.09, 0.14 (.007) | −1.39, −0.15 (.005) | |||||||
| Sex (boys) | ||||||||||
| 4.07, 0.37 (.007) | −0.34, −0.36 (<10−4) | −0.12, −0.21 (<10−4) | −0.19, −0.35 (<10−4) | 3.20, 0.35 (<10−4) | 0.68, −(.026) | |||||
| Grade (ref: 4thgrade) | ||||||||||
| 5th | −3.02, −0.28 (.017) | 0.14, 0.15 (.001) | −0.11, −0.20 (.046) | −2.64, −0.29 (.004) | 0.71, 0.08 (.424) | |||||
| 6th | −0.35, −0.03 (.775) | 0.11, 0.12 (.011) | 0.22, 0.40 (<10-4) | −3.01, −0.33 (.001) | −4.71, −0.51 (<10−4) | |||||
| Mother education (ref: < middle school) | ||||||||||
| High school | 2.80, 0.26 (.019) | 2.64, 0.24 (.028) | 0.06, 0.06 (.174) | 0.09, 0.16 (.008) | 0.07, 0.13 (.013) | −1.10, −0.12 (.193) | ||||
| College + | 4.66, 0.43 (.001) | 4.73, 0.43 (.001) | 0.21, 0.22 (.001) | 0.17, 0.29 (<10−4) | 0.15, 0.27 (.001) | −2.50, −0.27 (.005) | ||||
| Father education (ref: < middle school) | ||||||||||
| High school | 0.05, 0.05 (.316) | |||||||||
| College+ | 0.19, 0.20 (.002) | |||||||||
| School area (ref: Hua Luogeng) | ||||||||||
| Hua Cheng | −2.57, −0.24 (.048) | −3.01, −0.28 (.020) | 0.25, 0.27 (<10−4) | −0.04, −0.07 (.372) | 0.76, 0.08 (.372) | 0.96, −(.959) | −0.53, −0.16 (.081) | |||
| He Bin | −3.52, −0.32 (.024) | 0.43, 0.04 (.782) | 0.08, 0.09 (.130) | −0.10, −0.18 (.020) | 2.19, 0.24 (.038) | 1.76, −(<10−4) | −0.84, −0.26 (.029) | |||
| Xue Bu | −7.27, −0.67 (.0002) | −8.22, −0.75 (<10−4) | 0.14, 0.15 (.054) | −0.01, −0.02 (.903) | 0.33, 0.04 (.794) | 2.97, −(.165) | −1.43, −0.44 (.001) | |||
| Average nap duration (ref: 0 minutes) | ||||||||||
| 1–30 | 2.15, 0.20(.286) | 0.22, 0.02 (.914) | 0.07, 0.07 (.303) | 0.08, 0.14 (.206) | 0.08, 0.15 (.170) | 0.07, 0.10 (.499) | −3.30, −0.36 (.016) | −2.37, −0.26 (.085) | 1.20, −(.521) | 0.20, 0.06 (.683) |
| 31–60 | 3.58, 0.33(.037) | 2.70, 0.25 (.114) | 0.22, 0.23 (<10−4) | 0.09, 0.16 (.073) | 0.09, 0.16 (.075) | 0.16, 0.24 (.055) | −2.28, −0.25 (.049) | −0.94, −0.10 (.422) | 1.16, −(.394) | 0.06, 0.02 (.882) |
| >60 | 3.18, 0.29(.068) | 1.32, 0.12 (.447) | 0.20,0.21 (.0004) | 0.13, 0.22 (.014) | 0.11, 0.20 (.030) | 0.18, 0.27 (.034) | −3.19, −0.35 (.006) | −2.22, −0.24 (.062) | 0.90, −(.635) | −0.27, −0.08(.528) |
| Night in-bed time | ||||||||||
| 0.05, 0.09 (.014) | 0.09, 0.16 (<10−4) | 0.09, 0.13 (.015) | −1.37, −0.15 (.006) | |||||||
| Sex (boys) | ||||||||||
| 4.28, 0.39 (<10−4) | −0.35, −0.37 (<10−1) | −0.13, −0.22 (<10−4) | −0.19, −0.35 (<10−4) | 3.40, 0.37 (<10−4) | 0.70, −(.036) | |||||
| Grade (ref: 4th grade) | ||||||||||
| 5th | −2.94, −0.27 (.021) | 0.14, 0.15 (.001) | −0.11, −0.20 (.044) | −2.52, −0.27 (.006) | 0.95, 0.10 (.296) | |||||
| 6th | −0.11, −0.01 (.930) | 0.12, 0.13 (.006) | 0.23, 0.42 (<10−4) | −3.00, −0.33 (.001) | −4.81, −0.52 (<10−4) | |||||
| Mother education (ref: < middle school) | ||||||||||
| High school | 2.87, 0.26 (.017) | 2.58, 0.23 (.032) | 0.07, 0.07 (.160) | 0.10, 0.17 (.006) | 0.09, 0.16 (.013) | 0.08, 0.12 (.187) | −1.14, −0.12 (.174) | |||
| College+ | 4.73, 0.43 (.001) | 4.58, 0.42 (.001) | 0.21, 0.22 (.001) | 0.18, 0.31 (<10−4) | 0.14, 0.25 (.001) | 0.13, 0.19 (.045) | −2.55, −0.28 (.004) | |||
| Father education (ref: < middle school) | ||||||||||
| High school | 0.05, 0.05 (.348) | |||||||||
| College+ | 0.20, 0.21 (.001) | |||||||||
| School area (ref: Hua Luogeng) | ||||||||||
| Hua Cheng | −2.46, −0.23 (.066) | −2.90, −0.27 (.028) | 0.25, 0.27 (<10−4) | −0.04, −0.07 (.305) | 0.95, 0.10 (.275) | 1.06, −(.931) | −0.43, −0.13 (.165) | |||
| He Bin | −3.76, −0.34 (.016) | 0.26, 0.02 (.865) | 0.07, 0.07 (.178) | −0.10, −0.18 (.015) | 2.10, 0.23 (.047) | 1.86, −(<10-4) | −0.84, −0.26 (.028) | |||
| Xue Bu | −7.56, −0.69 (.0002) | −8.12, −0.74 (<10−4) | 0.12, 0.13 (.091) | −0.02, −0.04 (.734) | 0.62, 0.07 (.632) | 3.17, −(.091) | −1.38, −0.42 (.002) | |||
Shaded cells correspond to insignificant covariates that were not included in the final model.