Table 3.
Adjusted outcome difference/odds ratios, effect size (p-values) between napper groups and non-nappers
| Weekly nap frequency | Average nap duration (minutes) | Cognitive ability | Psychological well-being | Behavior problems | Metabolic health | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verbal IQ | Performance IQ | Academic achievement | Grit | Self-control | Happiness | Internalizing | Externalizing | IFG | BMI | ||
| Never | 0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≤2 | 1–30 | 2.22, 0.20 (0.3768) | 1.70, 0.16 (0.4987) | 0.01, 0.01 (0.8921) | −0.04, −0.07 (0.6498) | 0.04, 0.07 (0.6164) | 0.05, 0.07 (0.7029) | −2.58, −0.28 (0.1413) | −1.03, −0.11 (0.5557) | 0.79, −(0.6970) | −0.15, −0.05 (0.8182) |
| ≤2 | 31–60 | 0.20, 0.02 (0.9287) | 4.60, 0.42 (0.0377) | 0.05, 0.05 (0.4891) | 0.02, 0.03 (0.8175) | 0.02, 0.04 (0.7021) | 0.10, 0.15 (0.4091) | −1.23, −0.13 (0.4228) | 1.34, 0.15 (0.3840) | 0.98, −(0.9679) | −0.72, −0.22 (0.1962) |
| ≤2 | >60 | 2.60, 0.24 (0.2856) | 1.70, 0.16 (0.4839) | 0.06, 0.06 (0.5118) | 0.07, 0.12 (0.3459) | 0.09, 0.16 (0.2174) | −0.03, −0.04 (0.7860) | −4.48, −0.49 (0.0087) | −2.34, −0.25 (0.1710) | 0.53, −(0.2436) | 0.23, 0.07 (0.7066) |
| 3−4 | 1–30 | 0.51, 0.05 (0.8595) | −2.31, −0.21 (0.4200) | 0.14, 0.15 (0.1402) | 0.14, 0.24 (0.0958) | 0.10, 0.18 (0.2161) | 0.09, 0.13 (0.5396) | −2.93, −0.32 (0.1317) | −4.10, −0.45 (0.0350) | 2.86, −(0.0551) | 0.32, 0.10 (0.6593) |
| 3–4 | 31–60 | 4.83, 0.44 (0.0187) | 1.47, 0.13 (0.4729) | 0.21, 0.22 (0.0020) | 0.04, 0.07 (0.5516) | 0.10, 0.18 (0.0923) | 0.19, 0.28 (0.0762) | −3.79, −0.41 (0.0077) | −3.31, −0.36 (0.0196) | 0.99, −(0.9765) | 0.42, 0.13 (0.4095) |
| 3–4 | >60 | 2.30, 0.21 (0.2905) | 0.13, 0.01 (0.9513) | 0.21, 0.22 (0.0045) | 0.10, 0.17 (0.1117) | 0.10, 0.18 (0.1338) | 0.19, 0.28 (0.0885) | −3.26, −0.35 (0.0233) | −2.62, −0.28 (0.0703) | 0.86, −(0.7386) | −0.28, −0.09 (0.5901) |
| 5–7 | 1–30 | 4.24, 0.39 (0.1753) | 1.58, 0.14 (0.6134) | 0.11, 0.12 (0.2848) | 0.18, 0.31 (0.0519) | 0.13, 0.24 (0.1546) | 0.05, 0.07 (0.7186) | −4.79, −0.52 (0.0179) | −2.49, −0.27 (0.2194) | a | 0.64, 0.20 (0.3832) |
| 5–7 | 31–60 | 5.00, 0.46 (0.0129) | 2.07, 0.19 (0.3017) | 0.33, 0.35 (<0.0001) | 0.17, 0.29 (0.0023) | 0.12, 0.22 (0.0406) | 0.15, 0.22 (0.1216) | −1.68, −0.18 (0.2214) | −0.37, −0.04 (0.7880) | 0.55, −(0.1636) | 0.24, 0.07 (0.6204) |
| 5–7 | >60 | 3.74, 0.34 (0.0485) | 2.01, 0.18 (0.2889) | 0.25, 0.27 (0.0001) | 0.15, 0.26 (0.0054) | 0.13, 0.24 (0.0241) | 0.24, 0.36 (0.0135) | −2.71, −0.29 (0.0365) | −1.85, −0.20 (0.1619) | 0.73, −(0.4585) | −0.42, −0.13 (0.3637) |
aNo subjects in that group had prediabetes, merged it into next group; all adjusted covariates are the same in Table 2.