Table 4.
Regression coefficients/odds ratios, effect size (p-values) for each outcome for each grade, adjusted for the same covariates (except grade) as in Table 2
| Cognitive ability | Psychological well-being | Behavior problems | Metabolic health | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Verbal IQ | Performance IQ | Academic achievement | Grit | Self-control | Happiness | Internalizing | Externalizing | IFG | BMI | ||
| Weekly nap frequency (Ref: Never, n = 130) | ||||||||||||
| Grade 6 | ≤2 | 201 | 5.17, 0.43 (0.132) | 1.30, 0.11 (0.701) | −0.02, −0.02 (0.872) | 0.10, 0.18 (0.098) | 0.15, 0.27 (0.028) | 0.08, 0.12 (0.589) | −4.75, −0.54 (0.016) | −3.71, −0.49 (0.029) | 0.52, −(0.516) | 0.31, 0.09 (0.678) |
| 3–4 | 317 | 6.91, 0.57 (0.025) | −0.15, −0.01 (0.960) | 0.08, 0.08 (0.449) | 0.10, 0.18 (0.079) | 0.14, 0.25 (0.027) | 0.22, 0.32 (0.114) | −1.33, −0.15 (0.441) | −2.72, −0.36 (0.069) | 1.11, −(0.898) | 0.44, 0.13 (0.516) | |
| 5–7 | 437 | 6.87, 0.57 (0.021) | −0.83, −0.07 (0.775) | 0.21, 0.22 (0.042) | 0.21, 0.38 (0.0001) | 0.16, 0.29 (0.008) | 0.15, 0.22 (0.242) | −2.43, −0.28 (0.151) | −3.30, −0.44 (0.024) | 0.52, −(0.424) | 0.31, 0.09 (0.637) | |
| Average nap duration (ref: 0 minutes, n = 130) | ||||||||||||
| 1–30 | 136 | 5.31, 0.44 (0.143) | 1.17, 0.10 (0.741) | −0.07, −0.07 (0.591) | 0.10, 0.18 (0.150) | 0.13, 0.23 (0.065) | 0.05, 0.07 (0.732) | −2.29, −0.26 (0.254) | −3.65, −0.48 (0.033) | 0.57, −(0.653) | 1.43, 0.43 (0.067) | |
| 31–60 | 454 | 7.01, 0.58 (0.019) | 1.32, 0.11 (0.648) | 0.09, 0.09 (0.370) | 0.13, 0.24 (0.015) | 0.13, 0.23 (0.029) | 0.19, 0.28 (0.155) | −3.67, −0.42 (0.032) | −3.37, −0.45 (0.022) | 0.43, −(0.336) | 0.07, 0.02 (0.913) | |
| >60 | 365 | 6.52, 0.54 (0.031) | −2.20, −0.19 (0.454) | 0.22, 0.23 (0.032) | 0.19, 0.34 (0.001) | 0.18, 0.32 (0.003) | 0.19, 0.28 (0.148) | −1.32, −0.15 (0.438) | −2.75, −0.37 (0.062) | 0.89, −(0.878) | 0.20, 0.06 (0.760) | |
| Weekly nap frequency (Ref: Never, n = 129) | ||||||||||||
| Grade 5 | ≤2 | 218 | 0.42, 0.04 (0.880) | 4.34, 0.42 (0.126) | 0.19, 0.21 (0.055) | −0.09, −0.14 (0.570) | −0.08, 0.14 (0.548) | 0.20, 0.31 (0.226) | −4.03, −0.43 (0.072) | −0.48, −0.05 (0.850) | 3.01, −(0.002) | 0.43, 0.13 (0.607) |
| 3–4 | 251 | −0.63, −0.06 (0.829) | −3.10, −0.30 (0.297) | 0.29, 0.32 (0.004) | 0.09, 0.14 (0.548) | 0.07, 0.13 (0.627) | 0.16, 0.25 (0.339) | −7.33, −0.79 (0.002) | −6.29, −0.60 (0.014) | 4.51, −(0.328) | 0.72, 0.22 (0.394) | |
| 5–7 | 309 | 3.54, 0.35 (0.205) | 4.99, 0.49 (0.080) | 0.29, 0.32 (0.003) | 0.28, 0.44 (0.057) | 0.22, 0.39 (0.111) | 0.43, 0.67 (0.008) | −6.47, −0.70 (0.003) | −4.23, −0.40 (0.083) | 1.11, −(0.927) | −0.10, −0.03 (0.906) | |
| Average nap duration (ref: 0 minutes, n = 129) | ||||||||||||
| 1–30 | 162 | 1.75, 0.17 (0.557) | −0.89, −0.08 (0.775) | 0.20, 0.22 (0.067) | 0.19, 0.29 (0.246) | 0.09, 0.16 (0.557) | 0.26, 0.40 (0.146) | −6.42, −0.69 (0.007) | −4.60, −0.43 (0.087) | 3.70, −(0.254) | −0.05, −0.02 (0.955) | |
| 31–60 | 306 | 0.59, 0.06 (0.832) | 4.06, 0.38 (0.160) | 0.33, 0.37 (0.001) | 0.14, 0.22 (0.360) | 0.12, 0.21 (0.367) | 0.31, 0.48 (0.064) | −4.03, −0.43 (0.068) | −1.22, −0.11 (0.622) | 2.59, −(0.002) | 0.56, 0.17 (0.489) | |
| >60 | 310 | 1.62, 0.16 (0.576) | 3.95, 0.37 (0.190) | 0.22, 0.24 (0.025) | 0.02, 0.03 (0.900) | −0.04, −0.07 (0.783) | 0.36, 0.55 (0.031) | −7.19, −0.77 (0.001) | −5.16, −0.48 (0.035) | 1.88, −(0.581) | 0.35, 0.11 (0.676) | |
| Weekly nap frequency (Ref: Never, n = 142) | ||||||||||||
| Grade 4 | ≤2 | 185 | 0.50, 0.05 (0.892) | 2.67, 0.27 (0.470) | −0.04, −0.04 (0.676) | −0.28, −0.43 (0.095) | −0.25, −0.49 (0.063) | −0.07, −0.11 (0.693) | −0.41, −0.04 (0.869) | 2.48, 0.26 (0.305) | 0.55, −(0.292) | −1.74, −0.54 (0.040) |
| 3–4 | 273 | 4.04, 0.40 (0.259) | 2.87, 0.29 (0.424) | 0.19, 0.21 (0.053) | −0.11, −0.17 (0.(0. (0.500) | −0.05, −0.10 (0.707) | 0.14, 0.21 (0.396) | −3.11, −0.32 (0.196) | −0.98, −0.10 (0.675) | 0.72, −(0.529) | −1.02, −0.32 (0.208) | |
| 5–7 | 336 | 4.79, 0.48 (0.185) | 0.57, 0.06 (0.875) | 0.30, 0.33 (0.002) | −0.19, −0.29 (0.244) | −0.15, −0.30 (0.240) | 0.08, 0.12 (0.591) | 0.17, 0.02 (0.942) | 3.19, 0.34 (0.159) | 0.39, −(0.081) | −0.94, −0.29 (0.242) | |
| Average nap duration (ref: 0 minutes, n = 142) | ||||||||||||
| 1–30 | 113 | 0.76, 0.08 (0.871) | 3.03, 0.30 (0.519) | 0.07, 0.08 (0.579) | −0.17, −0.26 (0.416) | −0.23, −0.44 (0.171) | −0.03, −0.05 (0.878) | −1.92, −0.20 (0.530) | 1.79, 0.19 (0.553) | 0.70, −(0.590) | −1.07, −0.33 (0.289) | |
| 31–60 | 362 | 4.70, 0.46 (0.190) | 1.85, 0.18 (0.602) | 0.25, 0.27 (0.008) | −0.23, −0.35 (0.155) | −0.15, −0.29 (0.250) | 0.03, 0.05 (0.844) | 0.27, 0.03 (0.909) | 2.14, 0.22 (0.350) | 0.66, −(0.421) | −0.65, −0.20 (0.408) | |
| >60 | 319 | 2.36, 0.23 (0.503) | 2.17, 0.21 (0.538) | 0.14, 0.14 (0.156) | −0.15, −0.23 (0.334) | −0.12, −0.23 (0.336) | 0.06, 0.09 (0.719) | −2.23, −0.23 (0.339) | 1.23, 0.13 (0.592) | 0.38, −(0.073) | −1.75, −0.55 (0.026) | |