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. 2019 Aug 29;125(6):609–627. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.314930

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© 2019 The Authors.

Circulation Research is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 5. — In vivo quantitative results of the porcine model of self-sustained persistent atrial fibrillation (PersAF). A, Protocol times since high-rate atrial pacing initiation. B, Atrial diameters and left ventricular (LV) ejection fractions measured with echocardiography. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare paired measurements from the same pigs at baseline and at the time of the electrophysiological study (EPS). The Mann-Whitney test was used for comparisons between sham-operated and self-sustained PersAF animals. C, Increased atrial fibrosis was found in self-sustained PersAF hearts (Mann-Whitney test). D, Anatomic distribution and size of leading-driver regions. The cumulative size (%) of the leading-driver regions found in the left atrium (LA) + coronary sinus (CS) was higher than the cumulative size of those in the right atrium (RA; Wilcoxon signed-rank test). E, The number of leading-driver regions was significantly higher in the LA+CS than in the RA (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). F, Rotational-footprint quantification and spatial correlation with leading-driver regions. The percentage of signals with rotational-footprints and the percentage of rotational-footprints outside leading-driver regions did not show significant differences between the first and second maps (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Importantly, around 3-quarters of all rotational-footprints were found outside leading-driver regions. PV indicates pulmonary vein.