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. 2019 May 18;70(17):4333–4343. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erz242

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

A simple illustration of EPR spectroscopy employing magnetic field modulation. The microwave bridge typically operates at 9.5 GHz, with modulation and demodulation circuits at 100 kHz. Magnetic scanning is done very slowly (i.e. 10–100 mHz).