TABLE 2.
Characteristics of participants
| Category of SSB consumption, in servings | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic 1 | None to ≤1/week | 1 to ≤4/week | 4 to ≤7/week | 1–2/day | ≥2/day | P 7 |
| n | 756 | 1065 | 756 | 1104 | 1038 | |
| SSB intake | ||||||
| Range, servings/day | 0–0.140 | 0.143–0.570 | 0.573–0.997 | 1.0–2.0 | 2.01–20.5 | |
| Mean, servings/day | 0.04 (00.05) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.3) | 3.8 (2.2) | <0.0001 |
| ASB intake, servings/day | 1.0 (1.5) | 0.5 (1.0) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.2 (0.6) | <0.0001 |
| Baseline age, years | 25.9 (3.3) | 25.2 (3.5) | 24.8 (3.5) | 24.4 (3.7) | 24.1 (3.7) | <0.0001 |
| Race, % White | 83.5 | 61.9 | 47.6 | 37.1 | 29.9 | <0.0001 |
| Sex, % male | 29.9 | 38.5 | 46.0 | 52.8 | 55.0 | <0.0001 |
| Cumulative average energy intake, kcal/day | 2173.2 (853.3) | 2419.9 (924.4) | 2657.8 (1103.5) | 3039.2 (1188.4) | 3697.3 (1503.7) | <0.0001 |
| Cumulative average aMed score2 | 4.6 (1.5) | 4.5 (1.5) | 4.1 (1.4) | 4.0 (1.5) | 3.8 (1.5) | <0.0001 |
| Education, years3 | 15.7 (2.5) | 15.3 (2.5) | 14.8 (2.5) | 14.1 (2.4) | 13.3 (2.1) | <0.0001 |
| Baseline smoking status, % | <0.0001 | |||||
| Never | 59.5 | 60.6 | 63.5 | 56.3 | 50.1 | |
| Former | 19.7 | 18.1 | 10.7 | 11.0 | 8.8 | |
| Current | 20.8 | 21.3 | 25.8 | 32.8 | 41.1 | |
| Cumulative average physical activity, EU/week4 | 396.7 (223.6) | 373.4 (224.7) | 355.8 (230.3) | 373.9 (255.9) | 367.7 (252.9) | 0.02 |
| Baseline alcohol intake, ml/day | 9.7 (14.1) | 10.4 (17.2) | 10.9 (18.4) | 12.2 (19.6) | 13.9 (25.5) | <0.0001 |
| Baseline BMI, kg/m2 | 23.8 (4.4) | 24.2 (4.6) | 24.4 (4.5) | 24.7 (5.3) | 25.0 (5.7) | <0.0001 |
| Family Hx DM, %5 | 15.3 | 14.6 | 16.3 | 17.3 | 16.8 | 0.52 |
| Dieting behavior, %6 | 26.7 | 20.2 | 17.5 | 11.9 | 10.0 | <0.0001 |
Data are for CARDIA participants, according to Y0, Y7, and Y20 cumulative, average SSB consumption. Abbreviations: aMed, alternate Mediterranean diet; ASB, artificially sweetened beverage; BMI, body mass index; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; DM, diabetes mellitus; EU, exercise units; Hx, history; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage; Y, study year.
Unadjusted mean (SD) for all characteristics, unless noted as percentage.
The aMed diet score ranges from 0–9 and assigns 1 point for intake above the cohort-specific median for positively scored components (fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains, fish, and MUFA:SFA ratio) and below the median for negative components (red and processed meat). Moderate alcohol intake (5–15 g/day in women and 15–25 g/day in men) also receives 1 point.
Highest level of education attained through follow-up.
Physical activity score derived from the CARDIA physical activity history, where 300 EU is approximately equal to 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week.
Family history data unavailable for 698 subjects.
Dieting behavior (weight-reducing diet Y/N) reported at Y0, Y7, or Y20.
P value is from analysis of variance (age, education, physical activity, alcohol, BMI) or Chi-square t-test (race, gender, smoking, family history, dieting) of association between SSB consumption category and characteristic.