TABLE 6.
Association between cumulative, average total sweetened beverage intake and diabetes risk in young adult men and women
| Category of TSB consumption (servings) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None to ≤3/week | 3 to ≤7/week | 1 to ≤2/day | 2–3/day | ≥3/day | Per serving/day5 | P | |
| n diabetes/person-years | 72/17,882 | 136/27,574 | 194/34,253 | 107/16,664 | 171/18,350 | ||
| Crude model (95% CI) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.22 (0.92–1.63) | 1.42 (1.08–1.86) | 1.64 (1.21–2.20) | 2.44 (1.86–3.22) | 1.11 (1.07–1.14) | <0.0001 |
| Model 11 HR (95% CI) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.14 (0.86–1.52) | 1.24 (0.94–1.63) | 1.40 (1.03–1.90) | 2.12 (1.58–2.85) | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) | 0.003 |
| Model 22 HR (95% CI) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.14 (0.86–1.52) | 1.24 (0.94–1.64) | 1.40 (1.03–1.91) | 2.12 (1.58–2.87) | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) | 0.003 |
| Model 33 HR (95% CI) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.12 (0.84–1.49) | 1.13 (0.86–1.49) | 1.19 (0.87–1.62) | 1.78 (1.32–2.41) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 0.005 |
| Model 44 HR (95% CI) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.09 (0.82–1.46) | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 1.12 (0.82–1.52) | 1.73 (1.29–2.34) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 0.008 |
Data are from Y0, Y7, and Y20 from the CARDIA study, 1985–2016. Abbreviations: CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; ref, reference group; TSB, total sweetened beverage; Y, study year.
Cox Proportional Hazards multivariable model adjusted for age, race, sex, CARDIA center, time-updated measures of education and of smoking status, cumulative, average physical activity, energy intake (Y0, 7, and 20), and dieting behavior (weight-reducing diet Y/N).
Model 2 adjusted for Model 1 covariates plus cumulative, average Mediterranean diet score.
Model 3 adjusted for Model 2 covariates plus baseline BMI.
Model 4 adjusted for Model 3 covariates plus weight change from baseline to type 2 diabetes diagnosis, censoring, or end of follow-up, whichever occurred first.
HR (95% CI) calculated per 1 serving/day of TSB intake.