TABLE 1.
Age-adjusted baseline characteristics according to mushroom consumption in 19861
| Frequency of mushroom consumption (per serving) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHS (n = 67,139 women) | HPFS (n = 43,541 men) | |||||||||
| Never or almost never | <1/wk | 1/wk | 2–4/wk | ≥5/wk | Never or almost never | <1/wk | 1/wk | 2–4/wk | ≥5/wk | |
| Characteristic | n = 14,999 | n = 22,170 | n = 18,055 | n = 8984 | n = 2931 | n = 9677 | n = 15,714 | n = 11,494 | n = 5563 | n = 1093 |
| Age, y | 52.8 ± 7.32 | 52.4 ± 7.2 | 52.0 ± 7.1 | 52.3 ± 6.9 | 52.3 ± 6.9 | 55.2 ± 9.8 | 53.6 ± 9.5 | 52.7 ± 9.2 | 53.3 ± 9.4 | 53.2 ± 9.2 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.2 ± 4.8 | 25.1 ± 4.7 | 25.2 ± 4.6 | 25.4 ± 4.7 | 25.2 ± 4.6 | 25.4 ± 3.2 | 25.5 ± 3.4 | 25.5 ± 3.2 | 25.6 ± 3.6 | 25.7 ± 3.6 |
| Physical activity, MET-h/wk | 12.0 ± 18.8 | 12.9 ± 18.9 | 15.2 ± 21.7 | 16.9 ± 21.6 | 19.7 ± 26.0 | 16.9 ± 24.0 | 18.0 ± 24.8 | 19.9 ± 27.8 | 21.7 ± 27.5 | 25.9 ± 39.2 |
| White, % | 97.2 | 97.7 | 98.3 | 97.9 | 98.1 | 94.5 | 94.8 | 95.6 | 94.8 | 95.0 |
| Smoking status, % | ||||||||||
| Never smoker | 49.7 | 45.3 | 41.6 | 41.0 | 37.7 | 53.9 | 48.8 | 49.0 | 48.2 | 44.5 |
| Past smoker | 28.3 | 33.3 | 37.2 | 39.4 | 44.5 | 36.0 | 40.6 | 41.7 | 43.6 | 49.5 |
| Current smoker | 22.0 | 21.4 | 21.2 | 19.6 | 17.8 | 10.1 | 10.6 | 9.3 | 8.2 | 6.0 |
| Postmenopausal, % | 67.2 | 66.0 | 66.1 | 66.3 | 67.1 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Postmenopausal hormone use, % | 15.8 | 16.8 | 17.7 | 18.8 | 19.8 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 29.6 | 28.9 | 29.3 | 28.5 | 29.1 | 13.2 | 14.6 | 13.5 | 14.4 | 17.7 |
| Family history of myocardial | 35.0 | 35.8 | 36.1 | 36.4 | 35.4 | 31.2 | 31.8 | 32.7 | 31.8 | 36.1 |
| infarction, % | ||||||||||
| High blood pressure, % | 15.0 | 14.6 | 15.8 | 16.0 | 16.6 | 21.5 | 21.6 | 22.5 | 24.5 | 27.1 |
| High blood cholesterol, % | 6.9 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 9.9 | 10.4 | 11.2 | 12.0 | 12.4 |
| Current multivitamin use, % | 39.9 | 42.3 | 43.1 | 44.6 | 45.6 | 40.5 | 41.1 | 42.1 | 44.1 | 44.3 |
| Medication, % | ||||||||||
| Betablocker | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 8.5 | 7.1 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 10.4 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 |
| ACE inhibitor | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.4 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Thiazide diuretic | 12.2 | 12.5 | 13.5 | 13.8 | 14.4 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Furosemide-like diuretic | — | — | — | — | — | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 |
| Other antihypertensive drugs | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.7 |
| Antiarrhythmic drug | — | — | — | — | — | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.0 |
| Cholesterol-lowering drug | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| Total calorie intake, kcal/d | 1627 ± 453 | 1625 ± 433 | 1687 ± 430 | 1755 ± 443 | 1795 ± 463 | 1906 ± 623 | 1928 ± 597 | 2046 ± 603 | 2171 ± 642 | 2283 ± 664 |
| Alcohol, g/d | 4.2 ± 8.3 | 6.0 ± 9.5 | 7.4 ± 10.3 | 8.2 ± 10.6 | 9.7 ± 11.7 | 8.5 ± 14.2 | 11.2 ± 15.2 | 12.6 ± 15.7 | 13.7 ± 16.2 | 14.9 ± 18.5 |
| Food group intake, servings/wk | ||||||||||
| Red meat | 6.5 ± 3.7 | 6.4 ± 3.6 | 6.5 ± 3.6 | 6.6 ± 3.5 | 6.4 ± 3.8 | 4.5 ± 3.5 | 4.3 ± 3.1 | 4.3 ± 3.1 | 4.3 ± 3.3 | 4.0 ± 3.5 |
| Processed meat | 2.1 ± 2.4 | 2.0 ± 2.2 | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 1.9 ± 2.1 | 1.8 ± 2.3 | 2.7 ± 3.2 | 2.6 ± 3.0 | 2.5 ± 2.8 | 2.5 ± 2.9 | 2.2 ± 2.9 |
| Poultry | 2.0 ± 1.8 | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 2.3 | 2.2 ± 1.9 | 2.3 ± 1.9 | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 2.5 |
| Fish | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 2.1 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 3.5 ± 2.6 | 4.0 ± 3.1 |
| Whole grain | 6.5 ± 7.5 | 7.0 ± 7.3 | 7.5 ± 7.4 | 8.1 ± 7.4 | 8.8 ± 8.1 | 9.6 ± 10.2 | 9.5 ± 9.5 | 9.9 ± 9.2 | 10.9 ± 9.9 | 12.5 ± 11.8 |
| Refined carbohydrates | 9.9 ± 7.9 | 9.2 ± 7.2 | 9.2 ± 6.6 | 9.1 ± 6.6 | 8.9 ± 6.5 | 8.7 ± 8.3 | 8.4 ± 7.6 | 8.4 ± 7.0 | 8.7 ± 7.0 | 8.6 ± 7.1 |
| Nuts | 1.6 ± 2.2 | 1.5 ± 1.7 | 1.6 ± 1.8 | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 1.8 ± 1.9 | 3.3 ± 4.9 | 3.2 ± 4.5 | 3.5 ± 4.9 | 3.7 ± 4.7 | 3.5 ± 4.7 |
| Potatoes | 5.5 ± 4.0 | 5.4 ± 3.9 | 5.5 ± 3.9 | 5.6 ± 3.9 | 5.7 ± 4.2 | 4.0 ± 3.2 | 3.8 ± 3.0 | 3.9 ± 2.8 | 3.9 ± 2.8 | 3.8 ± 3.4 |
| Coffee | 15.7 ± 12.3 | 16.3 ± 11.6 | 16.8 ± 11.5 | 17.2 ± 11.7 | 17.6 ± 11.7 | 12.6 ± 12.6 | 13.4 ± 12.5 | 14.1 ± 12.5 | 14.2 ± 12.6 | 14.7 ± 12.9 |
| Juice | 3.5 ± 3.6 | 3.3 ± 3.2 | 3.4 ± 3.2 | 3.5 ± 3.4 | 3.4 ± 3.4 | 5.0 ± 5.9 | 5.3 ± 5.7 | 5.7 ± 5.9 | 6.2 ± 6.5 | 6.3 ± 6.8 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 2.0 ± 2.8 | 1.7 ± 2.5 | 1.7 ± 2.3 | 1.7 ± 2.3 | 1.7 ± 2.4 | 2.9 ± 5.1 | 2.5 ± 4.2 | 2.3 ± 3.9 | 2.2 ± 4.0 | 1.9 ± 3.8 |
| Fruits | 10.8 ± 8.4 | 11.3 ± 8.3 | 12.8 ± 8.6 | 14.9 ± 10.1 | 16.0 ± 10.6 | 9.9 ± 9.3 | 10.2 ± 8.2 | 11.5 ± 8.5 | 13.6 ± 10.3 | 16.9 ± 13.1 |
| Vegetables | 9.7 ± 6.6 | 10.7 ± 6.5 | 13.1 ± 6.9 | 16.3 ± 8.2 | 20.7 ± 11.6 | 8.4 ± 6.4 | 9.4 ± 6.1 | 11.6 ± 6.4 | 15.2 ± 8.0 | 20.7 ± 12.0 |
| Prudent dietary pattern, % highest | 9.2 | 13.1 | 22.9 | 38.9 | 51.0 | 11.2 | 12.6 | 21.8 | 43.7 | 66.4 |
| quintile | ||||||||||
| Western dietary pattern, % highest | 22.0 | 18.9 | 19.7 | 19.6 | 18.4 | 20.5 | 19.0 | 20.1 | 22.0 | 20.8 |
| quintile | ||||||||||
1
All variables, except for age, were age standardized. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; MET, metabolic equivalent task; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.
2
Mean ± SD (all such values).