TABLE 2.
Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for incident total CVD, CHD, and stroke according to mushroom consumption in women and men1
| Frequency of mushroom consumption (per serving) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never or almost never | <1/wk | 1/wk | 2–4/wk | ≥5/wk | Per 2/wk increase | P-trend | |
| Total CVD | |||||||
| Women (NHS) | |||||||
| Event | 1325 | 1,822 | 1,407 | 704 | 234 | ||
| Person-years | 345,767 | 515,885 | 423,969 | 210,536 | 68,540 | ||
| Age-adjusted2 | 1 (ref) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.16 |
| Multivariate-adusted3 | 1 (ref) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.78 |
| Men (HPFS) | |||||||
| Event | 1619 | 2257 | 1539 | 844 | 143 | ||
| Person-years | 204,253 | 341,013 | 253,751 | 121,284 | 23,913 | ||
| Age-adjusted2 | 1 (ref) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 0.88 (0.74, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 0.89 |
| Multivariate-adusted3 | 1 (ref) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.17) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.11) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.50 |
| Pooled results4 | |||||||
| Age-adjusted2 | 1 (ref) | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 0.92 (0.82, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.24 |
| Multivariate-adusted3 | 1 (ref) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.46 |
| CHD | |||||||
| Women (NHS) | |||||||
| Event | 736 | 986 | 756 | 371 | 130 | ||
| Person-years | 346,193 | 516,523 | 424,478 | 210,810 | 68,613 | ||
| Age-adjusted2 | 1 (ref) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 0.87 (0.76, 0.98) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.13) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.09 |
| Multivariate-adusted3 | 1 (ref) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.85, 1.11) | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.83 |
| Men (HPFS) | |||||||
| Event | 1187 | 1647 | 1115 | 589 | 99 | ||
| Person-years | 204,582 | 341,485 | 254,064 | 121,481 | 23,954 | ||
| Age-adjusted2 | 1 (ref) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.82 (0.66, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 0.30 |
| Multivariate-adusted3 | 1 (ref) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.16) | 0.89 (0.72, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.91 |
| Pooled results4 | |||||||
| Age-adjusted2 | 1 (ref) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.98) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) | 0.05 |
| Multivariate-adusted3 | 1 (ref) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.16) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 0.97 |
| Stroke | |||||||
| Women (NHS) | |||||||
| Event | 589 | 836 | 651 | 333 | 104 | ||
| Person-years | 346,195 | 516,528 | 424,436 | 210,773 | 68,613 | ||
| Age-adjusted2 | 1 (ref) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.11) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.14) | 0.96 (0.78, 1.18) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.84 |
| Multivariate-adusted3 | 1 (ref) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.16) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.34) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 0.52 |
| Men (HPFS) | |||||||
| Event | 432 | 610 | 424 | 255 | 44 | ||
| Person-years | 204,830 | 341,833 | 254,318 | 121,555 | 23,967 | ||
| Age-adjusted2 | 1 (ref) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.10) | 1.14 (0.98, 1.34) | 1.06 (0.78, 1.46) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 0.15 |
| Multivariate-adusted3 | 1 (ref) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.33) | 1.04 (0.75, 1.43) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) | 0.25 |
| Pooled results4 | |||||||
| Age-adjusted2 | 1 (ref) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.53 |
| Multivariate-adusted3 | 1 (ref) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.22) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.25) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 0.28 |
Mushroom consumption was measured at baseline in 1986 for the NHS and the HPFS. CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; MET, metabolic equivalent task; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.
Age-adjusted models include age (mo) and total calorie intake (quintiles).
Multivariate-adjusted models include age (months), total calorie intake (quintiles), smoking status (never, former, current), BMI (<23, 23–<25, 25–<27, 27–<30, 30–<35, 35–<40, ≥40), physical activity (<3, 3–<9, 9–<18, 18–<27, ≥27 MET-h/wk), race (white, nonwhite), family history of myocardial infarction (yes, no), baseline high blood cholesterol (yes, no), baseline high blood pressure (yes, no), alcohol intake (quintiles), multivitamin use (yes, no), Prudent dietary pattern (quintiles), and Western dietary pattern (quintiles). For women, menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use (premenopausal, never, former, current) were additionally adjusted.
Pooled results of women (NHS) and men (HPFS). All models were stratified by sex.