TABLE 4.
Multivariate-adjusted biomarker concentrations of cardiometabolic diseases according to mushroom consumption in women and men1
| Percentagedifference ≥5/wk vs never or almost never | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of mushroom consumption (per serving) | |||||||
| Never or almost | |||||||
| never | <1/wk | 1/wk | 2–4/wk | ≥5/wk | P-trend | ||
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||||||
| Women (NHS)2 | 142 (133, 151) | 141 (132, 150) | 137 (129, 146) | 140 (131, 150) | 141 (131, 152) | 0.61 | −0.7 |
| Men (HPFS)2 | 130 (119, 141) | 131 (120, 142) | 128 (118, 139) | 129 (118, 140) | 121 (109, 133) | 0.16 | −7.4 |
| Pooled results3 | 136 (130, 142) | 136 (130, 142) | 133 (127, 139) | 135 (128, 141) | 132 (125, 140) | 0.54 | −3.0 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||||||
| Women (NHS)2 | 56 (53, 60) | 56 (53, 59) | 56 (53, 59) | 58 (55, 61) | 58 (54, 62) | 0.11 | 3.4 |
| Men (HPFS)2 | 45 (42, 48) | 45 (42, 49) | 46 (43, 50) | 47 (44, 51) | 44 (41, 49) | 0.24 | −2.3 |
| Pooled results3 | 51 (48, 53) | 50 (48, 53) | 51 (49, 53) | 52 (50, 55) | 51 (49, 54) | 0.05 | 0 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||||||
| Women (NHS)2 | 201 (192, 210) | 200 (191, 209) | 196 (187, 205) | 202 (192, 212) | 203 (192, 214) | 0.19 | 1.0 |
| Men (HPFS)2 | 177 (166, 189) | 178 (167, 190) | 177 (166, 189) | 179 (167, 191) | 168 (155, 182) | 0.37 | −5.4 |
| Pooled results3 | 189 (182, 196) | 189 (183, 196) | 186 (180, 193) | 190 (183, 197) | 186 (178, 194) | 0.75 | −1.6 |
| TG (mg/dL) | |||||||
| Women (NHS)2 | 127 (114, 142) | 128 (115, 142) | 130 (116, 144) | 123 (110, 138) | 124 (109, 141) | 0.45 | −2.4 |
| Men (HPFS)2 | 147 (126, 171) | 146 (125, 169) | 145 (124, 169) | 145 (124, 170) | 145 (120, 175) | 0.49 | −1.4 |
| Pooled results3 | 140 (129, 153) | 140 (129, 152) | 141 (130, 153) | 137 (126, 150) | 138 (124, 153) | 0.84 | −1.4 |
| C-peptide (ng/mL) | |||||||
| Women (NHS)2 | 2.33 (2.15, 2.54) | 2.43 (2.25, 2.64) | 2.48 (2.29, 2.69) | 2.41 (2.21, 2.63) | 2.35 (2.12, 2.59) | 0.57 | 0.9 |
| Men (HPFS)2 | 2.74 (2.43, 3.10) | 2.82 (2.51, 3.17) | 2.84 (2.52, 3.19) | 2.74 (2.42, 3.11) | 2.73 (2.34, 3.19) | 0.99 | −0.4 |
| Pooled results3 | 2.42 (2.29, 2.57) | 2.51 (2.38, 2.66) | 2.56 (2.41, 2.71) | 2.47 (2.33, 2.63) | 2.43 (2.25, 2.62) | 0.68 | 0.4 |
| CRP (mg/L) | |||||||
| Women (NHS)2 | 1.55 (1.29, 1.87) | 1.50 (1.26, 1.80) | 1.59 (1.33, 1.90) | 1.72 (1.42, 2.08) | 1.72 (1.38, 2.16) | 0.04 | 9.9 |
| Men (HPFS)2 | 1.06 (0.80, 1.41) | 1.04 (0.79, 1.37) | 1.04 (0.79, 1.37) | 1.07 (0.80, 1.42) | 1.07 (0.77, 1.48) | 0.50 | 0.9 |
| Pooled results3 | 1.42 (1.22, 1.65) | 1.38 (1.19, 1.60) | 1.41 (1.22, 1.64) | 1.49 (1.28, 1.74) | 1.50 (1.25, 1.80) | 0.40 | 5.3 |
| IL6 (pg/mL) | |||||||
| Women (NHS)2 | 1.41 (1.23, 1.60) | 1.42 (1.25, 1.61) | 1.37 (1.21, 1.56) | 1.43 (1.25, 1.64) | 1.31 (1.12, 1.53) | 0.52 | −7.6 |
| Men (HPFS)2 | 1.46 (1.12, 1.90) | 1.45 (1.12, 1.88) | 1.38 (1.06, 1.79) | 1.37 (1.05, 1.79) | 1.52 (1.13, 2.05) | 0.63 | 3.9 |
| Pooled results3 | 1.42 (1.26, 1.59) | 1.40 (1.25, 1.56) | 1.36 (1.22, 1.52) | 1.39 (1.24, 1.56) | 1.36 (1.18, 1.56) | 0.52 | −4.4 |
| TNFαR2 (ng/mL) | |||||||
| Women (NHS)2 | 2.47 (2.34, 2.60) | 2.41 (2.29, 2.53) | 2.40 (2.28, 2.53) | 2.39 (2.26, 2.52) | 2.40 (2.25, 2.56) | 0.40 | −2.9 |
| Men (HPFS)2 | 2.55 (2.37, 2.75) | 2.50 (2.32, 2.69) | 2.49 (2.31, 2.69) | 2.45 (2.27, 2.65) | 2.46 (2.25, 2.68) | 0.15 | −3.7 |
| Pooled results3 | 2.51 (2.41, 2.61) | 2.45 (2.35, 2.54) | 2.44 (2.34, 2.54) | 2.42 (2.32, 2.52) | 2.42 (2.30, 2.55) | 0.10 | −3.7 |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | |||||||
| Women (NHS)2 | 9.19 (8.37, 10.1) | 8.84 (8.09, 9.67) | 8.89 (8.13, 9.72) | 9.05 (8.22, 9.96) | 9.76 (8.72, 10.9) | 0.15 | 5.8 |
| Men (HPFS)2 | 5.57 (4.88, 6.36) | 5.58 (4.91, 6.35) | 5.64 (4.94, 6.43) | 5.67 (4.96, 6.48) | 5.61 (4.81, 6.54) | 0.67 | 0.7 |
| Pooled results3 | 7.25 (6.74, 7.79) | 7.13 (6.64, 7.64) | 7.17 (6.68, 7.69) | 7.26 (6.74, 7.82) | 7.57 (6.93, 8.27) | 0.18 | 4.2 |
Values are adjusted means (95% CIs). Mushroom consumption was measured at baseline in 1986 for the NHS and the HPFS. Biomarkers were collected between 1989 and 1990 for the NHS and between 1993 and 1994 for the HPFS. Number of participants: LDL cholesterol (2677 women, 2465 men), HDL cholesterol (2677 women, 2465 men), total cholesterol (2677 women, 2465 men), TG (2677 women, 2465 men), C-peptide (5122 women, 3088 men), CRP (3075 women, 3641 men), IL6 (3075 women, 2341 men), TNFαR2 (3075 women, 2755 men), adiponectin (3075 women, 2964 men). CRP, C-reactive protein; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; MET, metabolic equivalent task; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; TG, triglyceride; TNFαR2, TNFα receptor 2.
All models include age (mo), total calorie intake (quintiles), smoking status (never, former, current), BMI (<23, 23–<25, 25–<27, 27–<30, 30–<35, 35–<40, ≥40 kg/m2), physical activity (<3, 3–<9, 9–<18, 18–<27, ≥27 MET-h/wk), race (white, nonwhite), family history of myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes (yes, no), baseline high blood cholesterol (yes, no), baseline high blood pressure (yes, no), alcohol intake (quintiles), multivitamin use (yes, no), Prudent dietary pattern (quintiles), and Western dietary pattern (quintiles). For women, menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use (premenopausal, never, former, current) were additionally adjusted.
Pooled results of women (NHS) and men (HPFS). All models were stratified by sex.