Neddylation dependent and independent activities of MLN4924. (1) Inactivating CRL (Cullin-RING ligase) E3: MLN4924 inactivates CRLs by blocking cullin neddylation to cause the accumulation of a number of tumor suppressor proteins, leading to growth suppression via inducing growth arrest, apoptosis, senescence, or autophagy in a variety of cancer cell lines. (2) Inducing EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) dimerization: MLN4924 activates EGFR by triggering its dimerization to activates its downstream RAS/MAPK pathway to promotes tumor sphere formation and wound healing, and PI3K/AKT1 pathway to inhibits ciliogenesis, respectively. (3) Inducing PKM2 (M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase) tetramerization: MLN4924 activates PKM2 via promoting its tetramerization to increase glycolysis.