Table 1. Demographic and household characteristics of study participants (N = 608).
| Factors | Mean (SD)/n (%) |
|---|---|
| Demographics | |
| Mother’s age | 23.8 (5.0) |
| Mother has some formal education(vs. none) | 518 (85.2%) |
| Mean age of index children (in months) | 4.6 (3.0) |
| Mean number of children <5 years in the household | 1.3 (0.5) |
| Socioeconomic indicators | |
| Proportion who owned | |
| Electrical connection | 349 (57.4%) |
| House | 599 (98.6%) |
| Mobile phone | 521 (85.7%) |
| Refrigerator | 54 (8.9%) |
| House construction | |
| Tin roof | 598 (98.4%) |
| Cement floor | 71 (11.7%) |
| Brick walls | 81 (13.3%) |
| Cooking fuel | |
| Wood | 129 (21.2%) |
| Crop residue/grass | 449 (73.9%) |
| Dung cakes | 28 (4.6%) |
| Biogas | 2 (0.4%) |
| Water practices | |
| Primary water source is tubewell | 593 (97.6%) |
| Sanitation practices | |
| Access to on-site latrine | 590 (97.1%) |
| Hygienic latrineb | 188 (32.6%) |
| Child reported to defecate in potty | 48 (7.9%) |
| Child feces reported to be disposed of in latrine | 59 (9.7%) |
| Agricultural hoe present to remove feces | 415 (68.3%) |
| Use of agricultural hoe reported to dispose of child feces | 48 (7.9%) |
| Use of agricultural hoe reported to dispose of animal feces | 211 (34.7%) |
| Handwashing practices | |
| Handwashing station within 10 meters of latrine | 321 (55.7%) |
| Handwashing station within 10 meters of kitchen | 123 (20.2%) |
| Water and soap in handwashing station near the latrine | 66 (10.9%) |
| Water and soap in handwashing station near the kitchen | 76 (12.5%) |
| Observed mother’s hand appears clean | 104 (17.1%) |
| Domestic hygiene | |
| Reported animals in the compounda | 572 (94.1%) |
| Observed animal feces in the compounda | 539 (88.7%) |
| Observed animal roaming in the compounda | 342 (59.9%) |
| Observed food waste in the courtyard | 212 (34.9%) |
| Observed food waste where child recently spent time | 130 (21.4%) |
| Observed wet soil in child play area | 94 (15.5%) |
SD: Standard deviation.
aHouseholds in rural Bangladesh are clustered in multiple-family compounds (baris) shared by members of extended families.
bHygienic latrine: functional water seal and no visible feces on the latrine slab/floor.