Table 3. Associations of filariasis infection with different markers of immune activation.
Separate uni- and multi-variable mixed-effects linear regression models for each marker with random effect for residence at Kyela site. Differences in number of observations are due to missing outcome data.
| Univariable* | Multivariable** | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | N | Mean | Coef. | 95% CI | p-value | Coef. | 95% CI | p-value | |
| % HLA-DRpos cells of all CD4 T cells | |||||||||
| W. bancrofti | |||||||||
| neg. * | 193 | 8,31 | 0,00 | - | - | 0,00 | - | - | |
| pos. | 33 | 10,59 | 1,83 | (0.14 to 3.52) | 0.033 | 1,58 | (0.08 to 3.09) | 0.039 | |
| % HLA-DRposCD38pos cells of all CD4 T cells | |||||||||
| W. bancrofti | |||||||||
| neg. * | 189 | 2,82 | 0,00 | - | - | 0,00 | - | - | |
| pos. | 31 | 3,69 | 0,86 | (0.21 to 1.52) | 0.009 | 0,84 | (0.19 to 1.50) | 0.011 | |
| % HLA-DRpos cells of all CD8 T cells | |||||||||
| W. bancrofti | |||||||||
| neg. * | 192 | 20,8 | 0,00 | - | - | 0,00 | - | - | |
| pos. | 33 | 29,5 | 1,69 | (-3.18 to 6.56) | 0.496 | 0,47 | (-3.96 to 4.89) | 0.836 | |
| % HLA-DRposCD38pos cells of all CD8 T cells | |||||||||
| W. bancrofti | |||||||||
| neg. * | 189 | 7,69 | 0,00 | - | - | 0,00 | - | - | |
| pos. | 32 | 13,42 | 3,49 | (0.94 to 6.04) | 0.007 | 3,45 | (0.91 to 5.98) | 0.007 | |
| % CD27negCD45ROpos cells of all CD4 T cells | |||||||||
| W. bancrofti | |||||||||
| neg. * | 189 | 20,04 | 0,00 | - | - | 0,00 | - | - | |
| pos. | 31 | 24,10 | 4,06 | (0.99 to 7.13) | 0.009 | 3,16 | (0.17 to 6.15) | 0.038 | |
| % CD25highFOXP3pos cells of all CD4 T cells | |||||||||
| W. bancrofti | |||||||||
| neg. * | 178 | 2,258 | 0,00 | - | - | 0,00 | - | - | |
| pos. | 30 | 2,453 | 0,13 | (-0.30 to 0.57) | 0.549 | 0,03 | (-0.40 to 0.45) | 0.898 | |
| % CCR5pos cells of all CD4 T cells | |||||||||
| W. bancrofti | |||||||||
| neg. * | 170 | 24,06 | 0,00 | - | - | 0,00 | - | - | |
| pos. | 30 | 25,15 | 1,09 | (-2.29 to 4.47) | 0.528 | 1,45 | (-2.03 to 4.93) | 0.414 | |
| % CCR5pos cells of regulatory CD4 T cells | |||||||||
| W. bancrofti | |||||||||
| neg. * | 170 | 54,47 | 0,00 | - | - | 0,00 | - | - | |
| pos. | 30 | 55,80 | 1,34 | (-3.99 to 6.66) | 0.622 | 2,55 | (-2.89 to 8.00) | 0.358 | |
| mean fluorescence intensity of CCR5 on memory CD4 T cells | |||||||||
| W. bancrofti | |||||||||
| neg. * | 185 | 799 | 0,00 | - | - | 0,00 | - | - | |
| pos. | 31 | 699 | -100,43 | (-244.95 to 44.10) | 0.173 | -65,07 | (-214.22 to 84.09) | 0.392 | |
N = number of observations; Mean = mean outcome; Coef. = coefficient; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval
* unadjusted, but with random effect for Kyela site
** with random effect for Kyela site and adjusted for age, sex, current fever, and for hookworm, A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, S. mansoni & haematobium infection. Full models showing all co-variates are contained in the supplement.