Table I.
Growth Curve Models of Parental Involvement Across Time
| Reports of mothers’ involvement | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Acceptance | Disclosure | Diabetes knowledge | |
| estimate (SE) | estimate (SE) | estimate (SE) | |
| Fixed effects | |||
| Intercept | 4.36 (0.12)*** | 3.37 (0.15)*** | 3.38 (0.16)*** |
| Time | 0.02 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.26 (0.03)*** |
| Years since diagnosis | 0.004 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) |
| Gendera | −0.08 (0.10) | −0.25 (0.12)* | 0.04 (0.13) |
| Ethnicityb | 0.24 (0.14) | 0.53 (0.17)** | 0.21 (0.19) |
| Pump status c | 0.06 (0.08) | −0.02 (0.09) | −0.05 (0.10) |
| IQ | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.04 (0.02)* | −0.06 (0.02)** |
| Random effects | |||
| Intercept | 0.29 (0.05)*** | 0.55 (0.07)*** | 0.65 (0.08)*** |
| Time | 0.03 (0.01)** | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) |
|
| |||
| Reports of fathers’ involvement | |||
|
| |||
| Acceptance | Disclosure | Diabetes knowledge | |
|
| |||
| Fixed effects | estimate (SE) | estimate (SE) | estimate (SE) |
|
| |||
| Intercept | 4.31 (0.12)*** | 3.11 (0.16)*** | 2.89 (0.17)*** |
| Time | 0.02 (0.02) | −0.10 (0.03)*** | −0.24 (0.03)*** |
| Years since diagnosis | −0.003 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.04 (0.02)* |
| Gendera | −0.11 (0.10) | −0.07 (0.13) | 0.12 (0.14) |
| Ethnicityb | 0.08 (0.15) | 0.27 (0.19) | −0.13 (0.19) |
| Pump statusc | 0.09 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.10) | 0.04 (0.10) |
| IQ | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.06 (0.02)* | −0.07 (0.02)*** |
| Random effects | |||
| Intercept | 0.37 (0.06)*** | 0.66 (0.08)*** | 0.67 (0.08)*** |
| Time | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) |
a
−0.5 = female, 0.5 = male.
b
−0.5 = non-Hispanic, 0.5 = Hispanic.
c
−0.5 = multiple daily injections, 0.5 = pump.
*
p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.