TABLE 3.
Phenotypic characteristics for subjects with tinnitus with or without TMJ complaints.
| Any tinnitus | TFI ≥ 48 | THI ≥ 58 | ||||
|
TMJ (n = 486) No (%) |
No TMJ (n = 1996) No (%) |
TMJ (n = 97) No (%) |
No TMJ (n = 224) No (%) |
TMJ (n = 69) No (%) |
No TMJ (n = 122) No (%) | |
| Tinnitus onset | χ2(5) = 1.23, p = 0.942 (0.942) | χ2(5) = 4.36, p = 0.499 (0.756) | χ2(5) = 3.34, p = 0.648 (0.748) | |||
| Don’t know | 48 (9.9) | 176 (8.8) | 2 (2.1) | 6 (2.7) | 1 (1.5) | 3 (2.5) |
| 0 to 6 months | 11 (2.3) | 39 (2) | 4 (4.1) | 9 (4) | 3 (4.4) | 7 (5.7) |
| 6 months to 3 years | 70 (14.4) | 293 (14.7) | 11 (11.3) | 39 (17.4) | 12 (17.4) | 25 (20.5) |
| 3 to 10 years | 143 (29.4) | 578 (29) | 31 (32) | 59 (26.3) | 21 (30.4) | 29 (23.8) |
| 10 to 20 years | 140 (28.8) | 577 (28.9) | 33 (34) | 62 (27.7) | 22 (31.9) | 31 (25.4) |
| More than 20 years | 74 (15.2) | 333 (16.7) | 16 (16.5) | 49 (21.9) | 10 (14.5) | 27 (22.1) |
| Onset-related events | χ2(6) = 50.76, p < 0.0001 (0.0001) | χ2(6) = 4.64, p = 0.591 (0.771) | χ2(6) = 6.38, p = 0.382 (0.603) | |||
| Loud blast of sound | 163 (33.5) | 804 (40.3) | 27 (27.8) | 72 (32.1) | 22 (31.9) | 33 (27.1) |
| Stress ∗∗∗, # | 106 (21.8) | 243 (12.2) | 18 (18.6) | 36 (16.1) | 14 (20.3) | 21 (17.2) |
| Change in hearing | 26 (5.4) | 105 (5.3) | 14 (14.4) | 23 (10.3) | 10 (14.5) | 12 (9.8) |
| Head trauma | 5 (1) | 15 (0.8) | 1 (1) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) |
| Whiplash | 9 (1.9) | 11 (0.6) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) |
| Other | 80 (16.5) | 265 (13.3) | 20 (20.6) | 40 (17.9) | 15 (21.7) | 24 (19.7) |
| Don’t know | 97 (20) | 553 (27.7) | 15 (15.5) | 50 (22.3) | 8 (11.6) | 30 (24.6) |
| Tinnitus occurrence | χ2(1) = 0.18, p = 0.671 (0.694) | χ2(1) = 3.63, p = 0.057 (0.17) | χ2(1) = 0, p = 0.973 (0.973) | |||
| Occasionally (now and then) | 218 (44.9) | 874 (43.8) | 14 (14.4) | 17 (7.6) | 5 (7.3) | 9 (7.4) |
| Always (all the time) | 268 (55.1) | 1122 (56.2) | 83 (85.6) | 207 (92.4) | 64 (92.8) | 113 (92.6) |
| Time of the day of tinnitus emergence | χ2(6) = 13.02, p = 0.043 (0.056) | χ2(6) = 3.61, p = 0.729 (0.824) | χ2(6) = 6.67, p = 0.353 (0.588) | |||
| Don’t know | 264 (54.3) | 1074 (53.8) | 42 (43.3) | 90 (40.2) | 30 (43.5) | 34 (27.9) |
| When awakening | 32 (6.6) | 120 (6) | 14 (14.4) | 29 (13) | 12 (17.4) | 23 (18.9) |
| In the morning | 2 (0.4) | 42 (2.1) | 1 (1) | 9 (4) | 1 (1.5) | 6 (4.9) |
| Around noon | 22 (4.5) | 138 (6.9) | 9 (9.3) | 26 (11.6) | 6 (8.7) | 18 (14.8) |
| In the afternoon | 23 (4.7) | 96 (4.8) | 5 (5.2) | 17 (7.6) | 5 (7.3) | 13 (10.7) |
| In the evening | 58 (11.9) | 244 (12.2) | 18 (18.6) | 34 (15.2) | 10 (14.5) | 20 (16.4) |
| Before sleeping | 85 (17.5) | 282 (14.1) | 8 (8.3) | 19 (8.5) | 5 (7.3) | 8 (6.6) |
| Perceiving the onset of tinnitus | χ2(2) = 4.03, p = 0.133 (0.16) | χ2(2) = 0.14, p = 0.933 (0.965) | χ2(2) = 0.49, p = 0.781 (0.837) | |||
| Don’t know | 110 (22.6) | 540 (27.1) | 10 (10.3) | 26 (11.6) | 6 (8.7) | 9 (7.4) |
| Gradual | 222 (45.7) | 848 (42.5) | 40 (41.2) | 93 (41.5) | 27 (39.1) | 43 (35.3) |
| Abrupt | 154 (31.7) | 608 (30.5) | 47 (48.5) | 105 (46.9) | 36 (52.2) | 70 (57.4) |
| Pulsatility | χ2(3) = 30.48, p < 0.0001 (0.0001) | χ2(3) = 2.35, p = 0.504 (0.756) | χ2(3) = 2.4, p = 0.494 (0.676) | |||
| Don’t know | 59 (12.1) | 139 (7) | 11 (11.3) | 26 (11.6) | 4 (5.8) | 12 (9.8) |
| Yes, with heart beat | 45 (9.3) | 126 (6.3) | 10 (10.3) | 22 (9.8) | 9 (13) | 14 (11.5) |
| Yes, different from heart beat | 29 (6) | 67 (3.4) | 13 (13.4) | 18 (8) | 11 (15.9) | 12 (9.8) |
| No | 353 (72.6) | 1664 (83.4) | 63 (65) | 158 (70.5) | 45 (65.2) | 84 (68.9) |
| Location of tinnitus | χ2(6) = 20.48, p = 0.002 (0.004) | χ2(6) = 20.15, p = 0.003 (0.013) | χ2(6) = 10.01, p = 0.124 (0.382) | |||
| Right ear | 36 (7.4) | 159 (8) | 9 (9.3) | 22 (9.8) | 6 (8.7) | 10 (8.2) |
| Left ear | 39 (8) | 184 (9.2) | 9 (9.3) | 20 (8.9) | 9 (13) | 15 (12.3) |
| Both ears, worse in right | 111 (22.8) | 319 (16) | 26 (26.8) | 28 (12.5) | 17 (24.6) | 19 (15.6) |
| Both ears, worse in left | 76 (15.6) | 345 (17.3) | 15 (15.5) | 53 (23.7) | 12 (17.4) | 30 (24.6) |
| Both ears equally | 144 (29.6) | 657 (32.9) | 18 (18.6) | 58 (25.9) | 11 (15.9) | 24 (19.7) |
| Inside the head | 70 (14.4) | 317 (15.9) | 14 (14.4) | 41 (18.3) | 9 (13) | 23 (18.9) |
| Elsewhere | 10 (2.1) | 15 (0.8) | 6 (6.2) | 2 (0.9) | 5 (7.3) | 1 (0.8) |
| Sound of tinnitus | χ2(9) = 33.6, p < 0.0001 (0.0001) | χ2(7) = 9.53, p = 0.217 (0.406) | χ2(7) = 12.39, p = 0.088 (0.332) | |||
| Tone | 88 (18.4) | 442 (22.3) | 10 (10.5) | 24 (10.9) | 10 (14.9) | 12 (10) |
| Noise | 36 (7.5) | 236 (11.9) | 5 (5.3) | 27 (12.2) | 4 (6) | 10 (8.3) |
| Crickets | 18 (3.8) | 66 (3.3) | 3 (3.2) | 5 (2.3) | 2 (3) | 4 (3.3) |
| Heartbeat | 5 (1) | 6 (0.3) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) |
| Beeping | 48 (10) | 240 (12.1) | 10 (10.5) | 26 (11.8) | 5 (7.5) | 14 (11.7) |
| Morse code | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| An alarm | 7 (1.5) | 12 (0.6) | 3 (3.2) | 2 (0.9) | 2 (3) | 2 (1.7) |
| Other | 9 (1.9) | 61 (3.1) | 1 (1.1) | 11 (5) | 0 (0) | 11 (9.2) |
| Don’t know | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Complex | 265 (55.3) | 916 (46.2) | 62 (65.3) | 125 (56.6) | 42 (62.7) | 67 (55.8) |
| Tinnitus loudness variation from day to day | χ2(5) = 20.74, p = 0.001 (0.002) | χ2(5) = 12.94, p = 0.024 (0.09) | χ2(5) = 5.11, p = 0.403 (0.604) | |||
| Don’t know | 21 (4.3) | 142 (7.1) | 4 (4.1) | 4 (1.8) | 2 (2.9) | 1 (0.8) |
| Never | 30 (6.2) | 165 (8.3) | 7 (7.2) | 23 (10.3) | 4 (5.8) | 9 (7.4) |
| Seldom | 55 (11.3) | 312 (15.6) | 9 (9.3) | 40 (17.9) | 6 (8.7) | 16 (13.1) |
| Sometimes | 185 (38.1) | 737 (36.9) | 34 (35.1) | 96 (42.9) | 24 (34.8) | 54 (44.3) |
| Often | 139 (28.6) | 430 (21.5) | 28 (28.9) | 43 (19.2) | 21 (30.4) | 27 (22.1) |
| Always | 56 (11.5) | 210 (10.5) | 15 (15.5) | 18 (8) | 12 (17.4) | 15 (12.3) |
| Pitch of tinnitus | χ2(4) = 3.75, p = 0.441 (0.472) | χ2(4) = 2.38, p = 0.666 (0.824) | χ2(4) = 7.16, p = 0.128 (0.382) | |||
| Don’t know | 23 (4.7) | 70 (3.5) | 4 (4.1) | 5 (2.2) | 4 (5.8) | 1 (0.8) |
| Very high frequency | 119 (24.5) | 482 (24.2) | 34 (35.1) | 67 (29.9) | 28 (40.6) | 41 (33.6) |
| High frequency | 206 (42.4) | 896 (44.9) | 39 (40.2) | 102 (45.5) | 26 (37.7) | 47 (38.5) |
| Medium frequency | 92 (18.9) | 394 (19.7) | 15 (15.5) | 41 (18.3) | 8 (11.6) | 23 (18.9) |
| Low frequency | 46 (9.5) | 154 (7.7) | 5 (5.2) | 9 (4) | 3 (4.4) | 10 (8.2) |
| Reduction of tinnitus by music or environmental sounds | χ2(2) = 4.25, p = 0.12 (0.15) | χ2(2) = 1.15, p = 0.563 (0.771) | χ2(2) = 3.76, p = 0.153 (0.382) | |||
| Don’t know | 116 (23.9) | 511 (25.6) | 12 (12.4) | 35 (15.6) | 7 (10.1) | 16 (13.1) |
| Yes | 294 (60.5) | 1110 (55.6) | 61 (62.9) | 127 (56.7) | 45 (65.2) | 62 (50.8) |
| No | 76 (15.6) | 375 (18.8) | 24 (24.7) | 62 (27.7) | 17 (24.6) | 44 (36.1) |
| Worsening of tinnitus by loud noise | χ2(2) = 18.48, p < 0.0001 (0.0001) | χ2(2) = 3.32, p = 0.19 (0.38) | χ2(2) = 1.23, p = 0.541 (0.676) | |||
| Don’t know | 145 (29.8) | 549 (27.5) | 26 (26.8) | 49 (21.9) | 17 (24.6) | 31 (25.4) |
| Yes | 263 (54.1) | 944 (47.3) | 59 (60.8) | 129 (57.6) | 44 (63.8) | 70 (57.4) |
| No | 78 (16.1) | 503 (25.2) | 12 (12.4) | 46 (20.5) | 8 (11.6) | 21 (17.2) |
| Tinnitus affected by head movement or touch | χ2(2) = 122.84, p < 0.0001 (0.0001) | χ2(2) = 23.09, p < 0.0001 (0.0005) | χ2(2) = 12.5, p = 0.002 (0.019) | |||
| Don’t know | 123 (25.3) | 376 (18.8) | 13 (13.4) | 32 (14.3) | 7 (10.1) | 13 (10.7) |
| Yes | 198 (40.7) | 411 (20.6) | 55 (56.7) | 66 (29.5) | 43 (62.3) | 45 (36.9) |
| No | 165 (34) | 1209 (60.6) | 29 (29.9) | 126 (56.3) | 19 (27.5) | 64 (52.5) |
| Tinnitus affected by nap | χ2(3) = 9.36, p = 0.025 (0.036) | χ2(3) = 0.15, p = 0.986 (0.986) | χ2(3) = 2.24, p = 0.525 (0.676) | |||
| Don’t know | 290 (59.7) | 1126 (56.4) | 38 (39.2) | 87 (38.8) | 24 (34.8) | 42 (34.4) |
| It mainly worsens my tinnitus | 13 (2.7) | 40 (2) | 8 (8.3) | 16 (7.1) | 8 (11.6) | 14 (11.5) |
| It mainly reduces my tinnitus | 133 (27.4) | 674 (33.8) | 41 (42.3) | 98 (43.8) | 33 (47.8) | 51 (41.8) |
| It has no effect | 50 (10.3) | 156 (7.8) | 10 (10.3) | 23 (10.3) | 4 (5.8) | 15 (12.3) |
| Tinnitus affected by bad nights sleep | χ2(5) = 67.67, p < 0.0001 (0.0001) | χ2(5) = 8.34, p = 0.139 (0.316) | χ2(5) = 10.66, p = 0.059 (0.293) | |||
| Don’t know | 177 (36.4) | 762 (38.2) | 19 (19.6) | 43 (19.2) | 9 (13) | 20 (16.4) |
| Never | 30 (6.2) | 337 (16.9) | 3 (3.1) | 28 (12.5) | 1 (1.5) | 13 (10.7) |
| Seldom | 30 (6.2) | 158 (7.9) | 8 (8.3) | 16 (7.1) | 6 (8.7) | 8 (6.6) |
| Sometimes | 116 (23.9) | 440 (22) | 25 (25.8) | 58 (25.9) | 15 (21.7) | 31 (25.4) |
| Often | 99 (20.4) | 230 (11.5) | 27 (27.8) | 57 (25.5) | 21 (30.4) | 36 (29.5) |
| Always | 34 (7) | 69 (3.5) | 15 (15.5) | 22 (9.8) | 17 (24.6) | 14 (11.5) |
| Heartbeat | 5 (1) | 6 (0.3) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) |
| Tinnitus affected by stress | χ2(3) = 104.08, p < 0.0001 (0.0001) | χ2(2) = 22.11, p < 0.0001 (0.0005) | χ2(2) = 14.72, p = 0.001 (0.009) | |||
| Don’t know | 134 (27.6) | 731 (36.6) | 15 (15.5) | 51 (22.8) | 6 (8.7) | 24 (19.7) |
| Yes, it worsens my tinnitus | 305 (62.8) | 768 (38.5) | 78 (80.4) | 123 (54.9) | 62 (89.9) | 80 (65.6) |
| Yes, it reduces my tinnitus | 47 (9.7) | 492 (24.7) | 4 (4.1) | 50 (22.3) | 1 (1.5) | 18 (14.8) |
| No, it has no effect | 0 (0) | 5 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Tinnitus affected by medication | χ2(2) = 3.78, p = 0.151 (0.175) | χ2(2) = 0.25, p = 0.881 (0.944) | χ2(2) = 1.38, p = 0.502 (0.676) | |||
| Don’t know | 356 (73.3) | 1467 (73.5) | 63 (65) | 149 (66.5) | 46 (66.7) | 73 (59.8) |
| Yes | 18 (3.7) | 44 (2.2) | 8 (8.3) | 15 (6.7) | 7 (10.1) | 11 (9) |
| No | 112 (23.1) | 485 (24.3) | 26 (26.8) | 60 (26.8) | 16 (23.2) | 38 (31.2) |
| Contacted a clinician due to tinnitus | χ2(2) = 11.42, p = 0.003 (0.005) | χ2(2) = 0.6, p = 0.742 (0.824) | χ2(2) = 2.33, p = 0.313 (0.588) | |||
| No | 282 (58) | 1313 (65.8) | 23 (23.7) | 49 (21.9) | 11 (15.9) | 18 (14.8) |
| Yes, because of curiosity | 26 (5.4) | 107 (5.4) | 2 (2.1) | 8 (3.6) | 0 (0) | 4 (3.3) |
| Yes, because I sought for help | 178 (36.6) | 576 (28.9) | 72 (74.2) | 167 (74.6) | 58 (84.1) | 100 (82) |
| Number of tinnitus treatments | χ2(3) = 25.56, p < 0.0001 (0.0001) | χ2(3) = 4.26, p = 0.235 (0.414) | χ2(3) = 1.96, p = 0.581 (0.697) | |||
| None | 395 (81.3) | 1776 (89) | 55 (56.7) | 142 (63.4) | 34 (49.3) | 66 (54.1) |
| 1 | 32 (6.6) | 102 (5.1) | 11 (11.3) | 34 (15.2) | 9 (13) | 19 (15.6) |
| 2–4 | 43 (8.9) | 84 (4.2) | 19 (19.6) | 29 (13) | 17 (24.6) | 20 (16.4) |
| 5 or more | 16 (3.3) | 34 (1.7) | 12 (12.4) | 19 (8.5) | 9 (13) | 17 (13.9) |
| Tinnitus occurence in family | χ2(1) = 24.97, p < 0.0001 (0.0001) | χ2(1) = 6.58, p = 0.01 (0.044) | χ2(1) = 1.68, p = 0.195 (0.418) | |||
| No | 358 (73.7) | 1666 (83.5) | 62 (63.9) | 174 (77.7) | 46 (66.7) | 92 (75.4) |
| Yes | 128 (26.3) | 330 (16.5) | 35 (36.1) | 50 (22.3) | 23 (33.3) | 30 (24.6) |
Pairwise comparisons using Pearson’s Chi-square test are reported. Percentages (%) displayed refer to column percentages. p-Values adjusted for multiple comparisons are shown between parenthesis and included variables from Table 4.