. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Depress Anxiety. 2019 Jul 29;36(9):813–823. doi: 10.1002/da.22940

Table 3.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models and Fit Indices Evaluating Dimensional Invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) across Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Education Level in U.S. Adults

		χ²	Df	p-value	RMSEA	RMSEA 90% CI	TLI	CFI

Sex n = 31,366	Women	638.62	26	0.000	0.038	0.036–0.041	0.984	0.988
Sex n = 31,366	Men	427.30	26	0.000	0.032	0.029-0.034	0.986	0.990

Race/Ethnicity n = 30,179	Non-Hispanic White	556.47	26	0.000	0.039	0.036-0.042	0.983	0.988
	Non-Hispanic Black	247.90	26	0.000	0.035	0.031-0.040	0.986	0.990
	Non-Hispanic Asian	79.24	26	0.000	0.034	0.026-0.043	0.982	0.987
	Mexican American	177.50	26	0.000	0.033	0.029-0.038	0.987	0.990
	Other Hispanic	113.44	26	0.000	0.034	0.027-0.040	0.988	0.991

Education Level n = 31,344	Less than 9th grade	98.54	26	0.000	0.030	0.024-0.036	0.990	0.993
	9th to 12th grade (no diploma)	213.14	26	0.000	0.038	0.033-0.043	0.981	0.986
	High school graduate/GED equivalent	266.67	26	0.000	0.035	0.032-0.039	0.986	0.990
	Some college or associate degree	350.29	26	0.000	0.037	0.034-0.041	0.984	0.989
	College graduate or above	159.61	26	0.000	0.028	0.024-0.032	0.986	0.990

Note. We used the two-factor Model 2 shown in Figure 1. For absolute fit indices (RMSEA), exact fit = 0.00, close fit = 0.01–0.05, acceptable fit = 0.05–0.08, mediocre fit = 0.08–0.10, and poor fit = greater than 0.10. For relative fit indices (TLI and CFI), exact fit = 1.00, close fit = 0.95–0.99, acceptable fit = 0.90–0.95, mediocre fit = 0.85–0.90, and poor fit = less than 0.85. RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation. CI = confidence interval. TLI = Tucker-Lewis index. CFI = comparative fit index