Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Participants
| Characteristic | Participants with first trimester antidepressant use (n=223) |
Participants without first trimester antidepressant use (n=5228) |
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | ||
| Maternal age (yrs) | |||||
| < 25 | 19 | 8.5 | 1,068 | 20.4 | Reference |
| 25–29 | 57 | 25.6 | 1,806 | 34.5 | 1.77 (1.05, 3.00) |
| 30–34 | 91 | 40.8 | 1,645 | 31.5 | 3.11 (1.88, 5.13) |
| ≥ 35 | 56 | 25.1 | 709 | 13.6 | 4.44 (2.62, 7.53) |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Race-ethnicity | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 200 | 89.7 | 3,612 | 69.1 | Reference |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 10 | 4.5 | 1,021 | 19.5 | 0.18 (0.09, 0.34) |
| Hispanic | 6 | 2.7 | 360 | 6.9 | 0.30 (0.13, 0.68) |
| Other | 7 | 3.1 | 232 | 4.4 | 0.54 (0.25, 1.17) |
| Refused to answer | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.1 | |
| Education | |||||
| High school or less | 16 | 7.2 | 960 | 18.4 | Reference |
| Some college | 37 | 16.6 | 944 | 18.1 | 2.35 (1.30, 4.26) |
| College or more | 170 | 76.2 | 3,323 | 63.6 | 3.07 (1.83, 5.15) |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/cohabiting | 216 | 96.9 | 4,643 | 88.8 | Reference |
| Other | 7 | 3.1 | 585 | 11.2 | 0.26 (0.12, 0.55) |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Employment | |||||
| No | 74 | 33.2 | 1,535 | 29.4 | Reference |
| Yes | 149 | 66.8 | 3,679 | 70.4 | 0.84 (0.63, 1.12) |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.3 | |
| Household income ($) | |||||
| ≤ 40,000 | 36 | 16.1 | 1,623 | 31.0 | Reference |
| 40,001–80,000 | 96 | 43.1 | 1,854 | 35.5 | 2.33 (1.58, 3.44) |
| > 80,000 | 89 | 39.9 | 1,550 | 29.7 | 2.59 (1.75, 3.84) |
| Missing data | 2 | 0.9 | 201 | 3.8 | |
| Parity | |||||
| 0 | 91 | 40.8 | 2,481 | 47.5 | Reference |
| 1 | 93 | 41.7 | 1,763 | 33.7 | 1.44 (1.07, 1.93) |
| ≥ 2 | 39 | 17.5 | 897 | 17.2 | 1.19 (0.81, 1.74) |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 87 | 1.7 | |
| Miscarriage history | |||||
| No prior pregnancy loss | 169 | 75.8 | 3,985 | 76.2 | Reference |
| ≥ 1 prior losses | 54 | 24.2 | 1,156 | 22.1 | 1.10 (0.81, 1.51) |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 87 | 1.7 | |
| Prior termination of pregnancy | |||||
| None | 185 | 83.0 | 4,389 | 84.0 | Reference |
| Any | 38 | 17.0 | 752 | 14.4 | 1.20 (0.84, 1.71) |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 87 | 1.7 | |
| Body mass index category | |||||
| Underweight | 9 | 0.5 | 134 | 2.6 | 0.18 (0.03, 1.32) |
| Normal weight | 113 | 50.7 | 2,766 | 52.9 | Reference |
| Overweight | 49 | 22.0 | 1,227 | 23.5 | 0.98 (0.69, 1.38) |
| Obese | 60 | 26.9 | 1,036 | 19.8 | 1.42 (1.03, 1.95) |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 65 | 1.2 | |
| Any type of diabetes mellitus† | |||||
| No | 217 | 97.3 | 5,052 | 96.6 | Reference |
| Yes | 6 | 2.7 | 150 | 2.9 | 0.93 (0.00, +∞) |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 26 | 0.5 | |
| Progesterone use in first trimester | |||||
| No | 216 | 96.9 | 5,076 | 97.1 | Reference |
| Yes | 7 | 3.1 | 152 | 2.9 | 1.08 (0.50, 2.34) |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Cigarette smoking status | |||||
| Not current | 210 | 94.2 | 5,023 | 96.1 | Reference |
| Current smoker | 13 | 5.8 | 187 | 3.6 | 1.66 (0.93, 2.97) |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0.3 | |
| Alcohol use status | |||||
| Not current | 191 | 85.7 | 4,947 | 94.6 | 1 |
| Current drinker | 32 | 14.4 | 261 | 5.0 | 3.18 (2.14, 4.71) |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0.4 | |
| Any use of vitamins in first trimester | |||||
| No | 0 | 0 | 186 | 3.6 | Reference |
| Yes | 223 | 100.0 | 5,012 | 95.8 | NA‡ |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 33 | 0.6 | |
| Caffeine use in first trimester (mg/day) | |||||
| No | 44 | 19.7 | 1,635 | 31.3 | Reference |
| Quartile 1: [38.4, 137.5) | 40 | 17.9 | 878 | 16.8 | 1.32 (0.83, 2.09) |
| Quartile 2: [137.5, 309.0) | 50 | 22.4 | 889 | 17.0 | 1.69 (1.09, 2.62) |
| Quartile 3: [309.0, 584.9) | 33 | 14.8 | 929 | 17.8 | 2.09 (1.38, 3.16) |
| Quartile 4: [584.9, 7705.6] | 56 | 25.1 | 883 | 16.9 | 2.36 (1.57, 3.53) |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.3 | |
| Pregnancy intention | |||||
| Unintended | 46 | 20.6 | 1,427 | 27.3 | Reference |
| Intended | 155 | 69.5 | 3,408 | 65.2 | 1.41 (1.01, 1.97) |
| Missing data | 22 | 9.9 | 393 | 7.5 | |
| Study site | |||||
| North Carolina | 136 | 61.0 | 2,947 | 56.4 | Reference |
| Tennessee | 86 | 38.6 | 1,875 | 35.9 | 0.99 (0.75, 1.31) |
| Texas | 1 | 0.5 | 406 | 7.8 | 0.05 (0.01, 0.38) |
| Missing data | |||||
†
Women with diabetes included 18 with type 1 diabetes, 18 with type 2 diabetes, 119 with gestational diabetes, and 1 with both type 1 and gestational diabetes, respectively.
‡
Odds ratio and corresponding confidence interval were not calculated because of low number of subjects in one of the groups.