| I-FABP |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serum |
Mature enterocyte |
80% (72–86%) |
85% (73–93%) (39) |
No significant difference in I-FABP concentrations for mucosal and transmural ischemia |
Early stage |
| Urine |
90% |
89% (40) |
| a-GST |
Mature enterocyte |
68% (55–80%) |
85% (76–92%) (22,41) |
a-GST also increases in non-specific hypotensive patients with multiple organ failures |
Early stage |
| D-dimer |
Blood |
96% |
40% (22) |
lower specificity |
– |
| L -lactate |
– |
96% |
40% (22) |
Low specificity |
Late stage |
| D-lactate |
Bacterial fermentation in gastrointestinal tract |
71.7% (58.6–82.5%) |
74.2% (69.0–79.0%) (42) |
low specificity |
Late stage |
| 82% |
36% (43) |
| Citrulline |
Mature small bowel enterocyte |
39% |
100% (42) |
Low Sensitivity |
– |
| IMA |
– |
94.7% (74.0–99.9%) |
86.4% (65.1–97.1%) (42) |
myocardial ischemia may induce the elevation of plasma IMA levels |
– |
| PCT |
Liver parenchyma in pathologic conditions |
72–100% |
68–91% (44) |
bacterial infection, sepsis and various types of ischemias may also increase PCT levels |
Depend on the threshold values |
| SM-22 |
Smooth muscle |
– |
– |
fail to accurately diagnose AMI at an early ‘‘nontransmural’’ stage |
Late stage |
