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. 2019 Sep 10;9:13031. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49650-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Example of animal residues found on small recycled flakes. (a) Double bulb Kombewa item AU16c 71.10-05 #62. (b) Feather and hinge scars running along the outer edge and interpreted as cutting medium-hard material. (c,d) Patch of compressed powder-like residue consistent with bony tissue and related SEM-EDX spectrum showing the diagnostic peak of calcium and phosphorous. (e) Double ventral lateral item AW16d 71.15-12 #88. (f) Greasy yellow-white amorphous animal residues compressed in a flint scar along the edge on the prehensile area and consistent with animal grease and fat. (g) Close-up of the same residual material showing fragments of birefringent collagen fibers entrapped inside. (h) SEM image showing hinge close-regular edge damage interpreted as cutting soft to medium material (BSE-SEM image).