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. 2019 Sep 10;9:12956. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49427-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Filament organisation and cell morphologies observed by scanning electronic microscopy. (a) Overview of Ectocarpus sporophyte filament (prostrate) growing from spore germination. Five cell types are defined according to their position and shape. A type: Apical cell; E type: Elongated, cylindrical cell; I type: Intermediate cell; R type: Round, spherical cells positioned at the central region of the filaments; B type: Branched cells. Cell types are defined according to their position (for A cells) and their ratio of their length (L) to their width (w) (E, I and R cells). E cell: L/w > 2; I cell: L/w in [1.2; 2[; R cell: L/w < 1.2. The number of E, I, R and B increases with the filament maturation stage. Cells of the same cell types are contiguous. (b,c) Whole organism observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM); One week post germination (b), or 2–3 weeks post germination (c).(d) A and E cells at the filament extremity. (e) I and R cell types in the central region of the filament. B indicates branching cells. (f–h) Junctions between E cells (f) and I cells (g,h), showing either single- (f) or double- ring(s) framing the wall (asterisks in g, h). (i–k) Junctions between R cells. (l–m) Higher magnification on branches, showing a ring at the junction site (asterisk).