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. 2019 Sep 10;9:13014. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49484-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Palbociclib combined with paclitaxel induces different effects on cell death depending on the treatment schedule. TNBC cell lines were incubated for 48 h with 0.5 µM palbociclib and 10 nM paclitaxel, alone or simultaneously combined (Palb + PTX), or were treated with palbociclib for 24 h and then with paclitaxel for further 48 h (Palb → PTX). Cell viability (a,b) and cell death (c,d) were assessed by counting the cells in a Bürker hemocytometer with the trypan blue exclusion method and by fluorescence microscopy after Hoechst 33342/PI staining, respectively. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs C; ^###p < 0.001 vs PTX; ^§p < 0.05, ^§§§p < 0.001 vs Palb + PTX. (e,f) PARP-1 cleavage was detected by Western blotting. Data in (a–d) are mean values ± SD of three independent experiments. Results in (e and f) are representative of two independent experiments.