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. 2019 Sep 4;10:2019. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02019

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Copyright © 2019 Lin, Xu, Austin, Caplazi, Senger, Sun, Jeet, Young, Delarosa, Suto, Huang, Zhang, Yan, Corzo, Barck, Rajan, Looney, Gandham, Lesch, Liang, Mai, Ngu, Ratti, Chen, Misner, Lin, Danilenko, Katavolos, Doudemont, Uppal, Eastham, Mak, de Almeida, Bao, Hadadianpour, Keir, Carano, Diehl, Xu, Wu, Weimer, DeVoss, Lee, Balazs, Walsh, Alatsis, Martin and Zarrin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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CSF1, but not IL34, is required for TAM and immune homeostasis within MC38 tumors. Female C57Bl/6 inoculated with MC38 tumors were treated with control, aCSF1, aIL34, or aCSF1/aIL34. MC38 tumors were harvested on day 12 post-initial treatment and the following parameters were evaluated: (A) total CD45⁺ cells; (B) TAMs per gram (g) tumor; (C) monocytic and granulocytic MDSC populations (mMDSC or gMDSC, respectively); (D) Ki67⁺TAMs; (E) functional marker analysis within TAMs including proinflammatory NOS2, CD86, as well as the anti-inflammatory marker arginase 1 (Arg1); (F) MHCII and PD-L1 TAM expression; (G) Number of NK, CD8, and CD4 T cells within tumors; (H) CD4⁺ Teff and Foxp3⁺ Tregs within tumors; (I) ratio of CD8 T cells to Tregs within tumors; and (J) survival of mice following control antibody aRW or aCSF1/aIL34 (left), and individual tumor growth curves (right). Functional and phenotypic data were derived from 6 to 7 mice per treatment group (A–I). Each symbol indicates data from a single tumor harvested from an individual mouse. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001.