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. 2019 Sep 10;9:12979. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49528-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Reconstructed root system of a twelve-days old lupine before D₂O injection. D₂O was injected in soil and its redistribution within soil and roots was monitored using time-series neutron radiography. (b,c) Transverse section of neutron tomographs showing the concentration of D₂O (fraction of D₂O to total water) across the taproot of two exemplary plants at different times after D₂O injection during the night (b) and the daytime (c). The transverse sections are taken at a depth of 5 cm from the soil surface. The given time (t) refers to the time after D₂O injection. These images show that the transport of D₂O across the root tissue was faster during daytime than nighttime. During nighttime, D₂O transport was significantly slowed down by the presence of endodermis. Detailed time-series neutron tomographs are shown as Supplementary Information Fig. S1. Note that these transverse sections show only the concentration of D₂O in root and not the one in soil.