Table 5. Effect of low income on medical and long-term care expenditures by gender.

			Men				Women
			Unadjusted		Adjusteda		Unadjusted		Adjusteda
			exp(β) (95% CI)	P value	exp(β) (95% CI)	P value	exp(β) (95% CI)	P value	exp(β) (95% CI)	P value
Total: Medical and LTC services			1.29 (1.20–1.39)	<0.001	1.09 (1.01–1.18)	0.024	1.45 (1.40–1.51)	<0.001	1.09 (1.05–1.14)	<0.001
	Subtotal: Medical services		1.12 (1.03–1.21)	0.007	1.05 (0.97–1.14)	0.223	1.13 (1.08–1.18)	<0.001	1.03 (0.99–1.08)	0.161
		Inpatient services	1.29 (1.10–1.52)	0.002	1.20 (1.01–1.43)	0.035	1.30 (1.18–1.44)	<0.001	1.16 (1.04–1.29)	0.007
		– Users onlyb	1.21 (1.06–1.39)	0.005	1.15 (1.00–1.31)	0.045	1.10 (1.02–1.19)	0.016	1.06 (0.98–1.15)	0.134
		Outpatient services	0.96 (0.88–1.05)	0.353	0.93 (0.85–1.01)	0.099	0.96 (0.92–1.00)	0.074	0.94 (0.90–0.98)	0.002
		Pharmaceuticals and pharmacy services by community pharmacy	1.02 (0.96–1.09)	0.542	1.00 (0.94–1.07)	0.936	1.07 (1.03–1.10)	<0.001	1.04 (1.01–1.07)	0.016
	Subtotal: LTC services		1.86 (1.59–2.16)	<0.001	2.39 (1.49–3.84)	<0.001	2.02 (1.90–2.16)	<0.001	1.64 (1.35–2.01)	<0.001
		Institutional care	2.28 (1.73–3.02)	<0.001	3.01 (0.93–9.68)	0.065	2.88 (2.59–3.21)	<0.001	2.75 (1.76–4.29)	<0.001
		– Users onlyb	1.18 (1.07–1.30)	0.001	1.13 (1.03–1.24)	0.012	1.12 (1.08–1.16)	<0.001	1.10 (1.07–1.14)	<0.001
		Home care	1.57 (1.32–1.87)	<0.001	2.10 (1.36–3.22)	0.001	1.34 (1.24–1.45)	<0.001	1.19 (0.98–1.46)	0.077
		– Users onlyb	1.16 (1.04–1.30)	0.009	1.11 (1.01–1.23)	0.031	1.01 (0.95–1.07)	0.751	1.03 (0.98–1.08)	0.241

CI, confidence interval; LTC, long-term care.

Generalized linear models with gamma distribution and log link function were used.

^aAdjusted by 5-year age-group and LTC needs level.

^bParticipants who had at least one claim submitted for inpatient services, including some surgical procedures with episode-based bundled payment, institutional care, or home care services, respectively, during the 12-month study period.