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Mechanisms through which SIBO affects the host. The dotted arrows indicate increased intestinal permeability. * Includes vitamin A, D, E, and vitamin B 12. Vitamin K is synthesised by the gut microbiota, and thus its deficiency in this context is very unlikely. BA, bile acids; UBA, unconjugated bile acids; LPS, liposaccharides. Created with BioRender.com.
