Table 1. Baseline Characteristics by Treatment Group.
| Characteristic | Training Group (n = 105) | Active Control Group (n = 105) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 80.3 (8.0) | 81.2 (8.8) |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||
| Women | 80 (76.2) | 81 (77.1) |
| Men | 25 (23.8) | 24 (22.9) |
| Race, No. (%) | ||
| White | 101 (96.2) | 101 (96.2) |
| Black or African American | 2 (1.9) | 3 (2.9) |
| >1 Race | 2 (1.9) | 1 (1.0) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 2 (1.9) | 0 |
| Clinical | ||
| Type of hip fracture, No. (%) | ||
| Closed pertrochanteric fracture | 52 (49.5) | 56 (53.3) |
| Closed fracture of femoral neck | 51 (48.6) | 47 (44.8) |
| Closed fracture, unspecified part | 2 (1.9) | 2 (1.9) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD)a | 25.3 (4.9) | 26.1 (4.1) |
| Body mass index, No. (%)a | ||
| <20 | 13 (12.4) | 4 (3.8) |
| 20-<30 | 74 (70.5) | 83 (79.0) |
| ≥30 | 18 (17.1) | 18 (17.1) |
| Resting heart rate, mean (SD), beats/min | 71.6 (12.4) | 69.8 (11.8) |
| Interval between hospitalization for hip fracture and randomization, median (IQR), wk | 13.6 (10.7-17.9) | 14.0 (11.0-18.0) |
| MNA-SF score, mean (SD)b | 9.0 (2.1) | 9.4 (1.9) |
| CES-D score, mean (SD)c | 10.4 (7.7) | 9.5 (7.4) |
| 3MS score, mean (SD)d | 91.3 (6.9) | 90.9 (6.6) |
| Comorbidities, No. (%) | ||
| Cardiac diseasee | 20 (19.0) | 23 (21.9) |
| Diabetes (type 1 or 2) | 16 (15.2) | 22 (21.0) |
| Pulmonary diseasef | 14 (13.3) | 17 (16.2) |
| History of stroke or transient ischemic attack | 11 (10.5) | 13 (12.4) |
| Physical Performance | ||
| Distance walked in 6 min, mean (SD), mg | 188.4 (56.5) | 185.4 (54.5) |
| SPPB score, mean (SD)h | 5.6 (2.2) | 5.6 (2.4) |
| mPPT score, mean (SD)i | 18.2 (6.8) | 17.5 (7.3) |
| NHATS balance score, mean (SD), sj | 25.1 (12.3) | 24.4 (9.8) |
| Gait speed, 50-ft fast walk, mean (SD), m/sk | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) |
| Gait speed, 4-m usual walk, mean (SD), m/sl | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) |
Abbreviations: CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression scale; IQR, interquartile range; MNA-SF, Mini Nutritional Assessment–Short-Form; mPPT, modified Physical Performance Test; NHATS, National Health and Aging Trends Study; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; 3MS, modified Mini-Mental State Examination.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
MNA-SF: range, 0-14, with higher scores indicating better nutritional status; score of 8-11 indicates risk for malnutrition.24
CES-D: range, 0-60, with higher scores indicating more depressive symptoms; score ≥16 indicates risk for clinical depression.30
3MS: range, 0-100, with higher scores indicating less cognitive impairment; 92 is mean score for community-dwelling independent older adults.31
Cardiac disease was defined as the self-reported presence of 1 or more of the following: angina, congestive heart failure, history of myocardial infarction, history of stent, or history of coronary artery bypass graft.
Pulmonary disease was defined as the self-reported presence of 1 or more of the following: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acquired respiratory distress syndrome, or emphysema.
Distance walked in 6 minutes: range ≥0, with longer distance indicating greater endurance; 233 m is mean value for community-dwelling older adults with mild to moderate mobility limitations.16
SPPB: range, 0-12, with higher scores indicating better performance; score <7 indicates high risk of subsequent mobility disability.17
mPPT: range, 0-36, with higher scores indicating better performance; score of 17-24 indicates moderate frailty.32
NHATS: range, 0-90, with higher scores indicating better balance; score of 20-29 indicates ability to hold tandem stance for <10 seconds.33
Gait speed, 50-ft fast walk: range ≥0, with higher values indicating faster walking; 1.06 m/s is the median speed needed to navigate a crosswalk.15
Gait speed, 4-m usual walk: range ≥0, with higher values indicating faster walking; speed of 0.43-0.58 m/s indicates high risk of subsequent mobility disability.17