Figure 1:
Schematic overview of (1) estrogen-mediated nongenomic signaling pathways via G protein-coupled estrogen receptors and membrane subpopulation of estrogen receptors, and (2) genomic signaling pathways via nuclear estrogen receptors in neural cells.
Akt: protein kinase B; ER: estrogen receptor; ERK: extracellular-regulated kinase; GPER: G protein-coupled estrogen receptor; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K: phosphoinositide-3 kinase; PKA: protein kinase A; PKC: protein kinase C; PLC: phospholipase C; RAS: RAS protein; Src: Src kinase; TF: transcription factor.