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. 2019 Sep 10;12:217. doi: 10.1186/s13068-019-1555-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Two convergent pathways to FDCA building block from renewable HMF: The conversion starts by oxidation of the HMF alcohol (reaction 1) or aldehyde (reaction 4) groups to DFF and HMFCA, respectively, and continues with oxidation of the latter intermediates to FFCA (reactions 2 and 5, respectively) that is finally converted into FDCA (reaction 3) (the AAO rate constants, k₁–k₃, provided in Fig. 2 and Additional file 1: Table S1 are indicated)